Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA) - Subclades of E-M215

Subclades of E-M215

E-M215

Haplogroup E1b1b1* (E-M215*). Rare or non-existent. E-M243 E1b1b1b* (E-M243 *). By latest definition in Trombetta et al. 2011, now rare outside Horn of Africa. E-V68 E1b1b1a* (E-V68*). Found in individuals in Sardinia. E1b1b1a1 (E-M78). North Africa, Horn of Africa, West Asia, Europe. Old E1b1b1a. E-Z827 E1b1b1b* (E-Z827*) E-V257 E1b1b1b1* (E-V257*/L19*). Found in individual Berbers, and in Southwestern Europe, and Kenya. E1b1b1b1a (E-M81). Berbers, but also Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, etc. Old E1b1b1b. E-Z830 E1b1b1b2* (E-Z830*) E-M123 E1b1b1b2a* (E-M123). Scattered widely in Europe, North Africa and Middle East. Former E1b1b1c. E1b1b1b2a1 (E-M34). Scattered widely, frequent in Semitic speaking populations. E-M293 E1b1b1b2b* (E-M293). Southern and Eastern Africa. E1b1b1b2b1 (E-P72). Found in southern Africa. E1b1b1b1c (E-V42). Found in individuals in Ethiopia. E-V92. Found in individuals in Ethiopia. E1b1b1d (E-V6). Found mainly in the region of Ethiopia. Haplogroup E1b1b2 (E-V16/E-M281). Rare. Found in individuals in Ethiopia.

A large majority of E-M215 lineages are within E-M243. Exceptions discovered so far are M215 positive/M243 negative ("E-M215*") cases found in two Amharic Ethiopians and 1 Yemeni. At least some of these men, perhaps all, are known since early 2011 to be in a rare sibling clade to E-M243, E-V16/E-M281. The discovery of M281 was announced by Semino et al. 2002, who found it in two Ethiopian Oromo. Trombetta et al. 2011 found 5 more Ethiopian individuals and an equivalent SNP to M281, V16. It was in the 2011 paper that the family tree position was discovered as described above. The E-M215 derivative, E-M243 is defined by the M243 SNP. E-M243 includes individuals with the "ancestral state" (no known subclade forming mutations). These are referred to as E-M243*. As of 2012, there is an increasingly complex tree structure which divides most men in E-M243 into two major branches: E-V68 and E-Z827, although other branches still exist in the Horn of Africa, such as E-V6. The more frequently described subclades are E-M78 (referred to with various names in literature including and E-M81. These two subclades represent the largest proportion of E-M215 population. E-M78 is found over most of the range where E-M215 is found excluding Southern Africa. E-M81 is found mainly in the Maghreb. E-M123 is less common but widely scattered, with significant populations in specific parts of the Horn of Africa, the Levant, Arabia, Iberia, and Anatolia. E-M293 is a fourth major subclade that has been found in parts of Eastern and Southern Africa, includes the majority of unique E-M243 lineages in sub-Saharan Africa (those that lack M78, M81, or M123 mutations). Many smaller subclades, such as those defined by mutations V6, V42 and V92, appear to be unique to the Horn of Africa region.

Within E-M243, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M243 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis. —Trombetta et al. 2011