Great American Interchange - South American Invasions That Failed To Penetrate Beyond Central America

South American Invasions That Failed To Penetrate Beyond Central America

Extant or extinct (†) Central American taxa whose ancestors migrated out of South America:

  • Gonyleptid harvestmen (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
  • Electric knifefishes (Gymnotiformes)
  • Caeciliid caecilians (Caecilia, Dermophis, Gymnopis, Oscaecilia) – snake-like amphibians
  • Poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae)
  • Boine boas (Boidae: Boinae)
  • Spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus)
  • Other opossums (Didelphidae) – 11 additional extant species, listed on discussion page
  • Northern naked-tailed armadillo (Cabassous centralis)
  • Hoffmann's two-toed sloth (Megalonychidae: Choloepus hoffmanni)
  • Three-toed sloths (Bradypodidae: Bradypus variegatus, B. pygmaeus)
  • Silky anteater (Cyclopedidae: Cyclopes didactylus)
  • Other anteaters (Myrmecophagidae: Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Tamandua mexicana)
  • Rothschild's and Mexican hairy dwarf porcupines (Coendou rothschildi, Sphiggurus mexicanus)
  • Other caviomorph rodents (Caviomorpha) – 9 additional extant species, listed on discussion page
  • Platyrrhine monkeys (Platyrrhini) – at least 8 extant species, listed on discussion page
  • †Mixotoxodon larensis – a rhino-sized toxodontid notoungulate
  • Other vampire bats (Desmodontinae) – all 3 extant species
  • Toucans (Ramphastidae)
  • Tinamous (Tinamidae)
  • Great Curassow (Crax rubra)

  • Oophaga pumilio

  • †Mixotoxodon

  • Tinamus major

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