Gobelet - Common Vine Training Systems

Common Vine Training Systems

Partial list of common vine training systems
Training system	Other names	Spur or Cane trained	Origins	Regions commonly found	Benefits	Disadvantages	Other notes	Sources
Alberate		Spur	Likely ancient, used by the Romans	Italy-particularly rural areas of Tuscany, Veneto and Romagna	Easy to maintain, requires minimal pruning	Can produce excessive yields of low quality vine	Ancient technique of allowing vines to grow through trees for support	Oxford
Ballerina		Spur	Victoria, Australia	Australia			A variant of the Smart-Dyson involving 1 vertical and 2 transverse curtains of shoots growing from 1 or 2 upwards facing cordons	Oxford
Basket Training		Spur	Australia	South Australia regions like Coonawarra and Padthaway	Easy to maintain, requires minimal pruning	Lots of shading which in wet climates can promote rot and grape diseases	Essentially a minimally pruned version of the bush vine/Gobelet system	Oxford
Cassone Padavano		Spur	Italy	Italy			A variant of the Sylvos except that the vines are trained horizontally along wires instead of vertically up or down	Oxford
Cazenave		Cane	Italy	Italy	Well suited for fertile vineyard soils		Italian variant of the Guyot system involving spurs and canes being arranged along a single horizontal cordon	Oxford
Chablis	Eventail, Taille de Semur	Spur	Developed in Chablis	Champagne	A self-regulating system for vine spacing, the spurs are allowed to fan out until they encroach on the next vine	If not supported by wires, some arms can fall to the ground	90% of all Chardonnay plantings in Champagne use this method	Sotheby
Chateau Thierry		Cane	France	France			A variant of the Guyot system where a single cane is tied into an arch with a stake support next to its free standing mother vine	Oxford
Cordon de Royat		Spur	Bordeaux	Champagne for Pinot noir & Pinot Meunier			Described as a spur trained version of Guyot Simple. Also has a double spur variant	Sotheby
Cordon Trained		Spur	Late 20th century	California and parts of Europe			Essentially a spur trained version of the Guyot system that involves using single or bilateral cordons instead of canes	Oxford
Duplex		Cane	California in the 1960s	California and parts of Europe	Allows for easy mechanization	Can produce excessive yields and foliage which may promote grape diseases	A variation of the Geneva Double Curtain	Oxford
Fan shape	Ventagli	Spur	Central Europe	Central Europe and Russia	Allows for easy burial during winter frost protection		Central and Eastern European variation of the Chablis/Eventail system that promotes a larger fanning out of the vine's spurs	Oxford
Geneva Double Curtain		Spur	Developed by Nelson Shaulis in New York State in the 1960s	Found all over the world	Increase protection from frost and ideal for fully mechanized vineyards	Can produce excessive yields	A downward growing, split canopy system	Sotheby
Gobelet	Bush vines, head training	Spur	Likely ancient, used by Egyptians and Romans	Mediterranean regions. Examples Beaujolais, Languedoc and Sicily	Suitable for low vigor vines		Vines can be supported by stakes or left free standing	Sotheby
Guyot		Cane	Developed by Jules Guyot in 1860s	Found all over the world, especially Burgundy	One of the less complicated and easiest to maintain system that will restrain yields.		Has a double and simple variant	Sotheby
Lenz Moser	"High culture" training or Hochkultur	Spur	Developed by Dr. Lenz Moser III in Austria in 1920s	Used throughout parts of Europe from the mid to late 20th century	Easy to maintain with reduced labor and machinery cost	Can cause excessive shading in the fruit zone with reduced grape quality	Influenced Dr. Shaulis' development of the Geneva Double Curtain	Oxford
Lyre	The "U" system	Spur	Developed by Alain Carbonneau in Bordeaux	More common in New World wine regions	Allows good air circulation and sunlight penetration	Not ideally suited for low vigor vines	Can be adapted to cane training systems	Sotheby
Mosel arch		Cane	Mosel	Germany			Each vine has it own stake with two canes bent into a heart shape. During the growing season the vines have the appearance of trees	Clarke
Pendelbogen	European Loop, Arch-Cane, Capovolto	Cane	Germany	Switzerland, Rhineland, Alsace, Macon, British Columbia and Oregon	Promotes better sap distribution and more fruit bearing shoots especially in the center buds on the cane	Can produce excessive yields and reduce ripeness levels	A variant of the Guyot Double	Sotheby
Ruakura Twin Two-Tier	RT2T	Spur	New Zealand	New Zealand	Well suited for high-vigor vineyards by spreading out the canopy	Difficult to mechanize	Similar to the Geneva Double Curtain except that the canopy is spread out over 4 curtains, two on top and two on bottom	Oxford
Scott Henry		Cane and Spur variant	Developed at Henry Estate Winery in Oregon	Oregon, many New World wine regions	Increased fruiting areas and a split canopy that allows more sun penetration, producing less herbaceous wines with smoother tannins	Can produce excessive yields. Very labor intensive and expensive to set up	Involves growing shoots along movable wires that allows the grower to shift half the canopy into a downwards growing position	Sotheby
Smart-Dyson		Spur	Developed by Australian Richard Smart and American John Dyson	United States, Australia, Chile, Argentina, Spain and Portugal	Often used with organic viticulture due to the very open canopy that limits disease threat or the need for pesticides		Similar to the Scott Henry except that the cordon is trained with alternating upwards and downward trained spurs creating 2 canopies	Oxford
Sylvos	Hanging cane, Sylvoz	Spur	Developed by Carlos Sylvos in Italy	Australia and New Zealand	Requires minimal pruning and easy to maintain and mechanize	Produces a dense canopy that is prone to bunch rot	Similar to Guyot Double except the vines are growing downward from a taller (usually over 6 ft/2m) trunk	Sotheby
Sylvos-Casarsa	Casarsa Friuli	Spur	Friuli-Venezia Giulia	Northern Italy	Similar to the Sylvos		Similar to Sylvos except that the canes do not need to be tied down after pruning.	Oxford
Sylvos-Hawkes Bay		Spur	Montana Wines adaptation of the Sylvos developed in the 1980s	New Zealand	Creates a more open canopy that allows more air circulation and less prone to bunch rot	Can produce excessive yields and reduce ripeness levels	Combines aspects of the Scott Henry system of alternating upwards and downwards growing shoots with the Sylvos system	Sotheby
T Trellis		Spur	Australia	Australia	Can be mechanized for harvest and pruning	An undivided canopy may promote excessive shading	Utilizes 2 horizontal cordons that together with the vine trunk give the appearance of the letter "T"	Oxford
Tatura Trellis		Spur	Australia	Australia	Two incline canopies meeting at a 60 degree angle in the middle provides for ample air and light penetration	Can produce excessive yields and difficult to mechanize	Only recently in the 21st century has this style been used for commercial viticulture	Oxford
Tendone	Parral, Parron, Pergola, Verandah	Spur	Italy	Southern Italy and parts of South America	Grapes grown overhead on arbors or pergolas have little risk of falling to the ground or eaten by animals	Expensive to construct & maintain, very dense canopy and potential for grape diseases to develop	More often used for table grape rather than wine production	Oxford
V Trellis		Spur	Australia	Many New World wine regions			Similar to the Lyre "U trellis" except that the cordons are separate from the base trunk	Oxford
VSP Trellis	Vertical Shoot Positioned Trellis	Cane and Spur variant	Several variants developed independently in Europe and New World wine regions	Cane in New Zealand, spur trained variant in France & Germany	Well suited for mechanized vineyards and low vigor vines	Can produce excessive yields and shading	Most common system of vine training used in New Zealand	Sotheby

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