Timeline
- Legend: Bharat, the brother of Lord Rama of Kosala, ruled from Gandhara, his sons were Taksh and Pushkala, who inhabited new cities called Taksha-shila (Taxila), and Pushkarvati (Peshawar). Tentative timeline for this event is 5000 B.C. or before that.
- Legend: Gandhari, the princess of Gandhara is married to Dhritrashtra, the king of Hastinapur. The Ancient Indian scripture Mahabharata dates this event to be around 3000 B.C.
- c.2300–c.1900 BC Indus Valley civilization
- c.1900–c.520 BC No records. Indo-Aryan migrations. Ramayana legend says Lord Rama's brother Bharat ruled from Gandhara.
- c.520–c.326 BC Persian Empire Under direct Persian control and/or local control under Persian suzerainty.
- c.326–c.305 BC Occupied by Alexander the Great and Macedonian generals
- c.305–c.180 BC Controlled by the Maurya dynasty, founded by Chandragupta. Converted to Buddhism under King Asoka (273–232 BC)
- c.185–c.97 BC Under control of the Indo-Greek Kingdom, with some incursions of the Indo-Scythians from around 100 BC
- c.97 BC–c. AD 7 Saka (Scythian) Rule
- c.07–c.75 Parthian invasion and Indo-Parthian Kingdom, Rule of Commander Aspavarman?. Ambhi Kumar, king of Gandhara was a descendant of Lord Raghu and prince Bharat of Kosala Kingdom.
- c.75–c.230 Kushan Empire
- c.230–c.440 Kushanshas under Persian Sassanid suzerainty
- c.450–c.565 White Huns (Hephthalites)
- c.565–c.644 Nezak kingdom, ruled from Kapisa and Udabhandapura
- c.650–c.870 Turkshahi, ruled from Kabul
- c.870–1021 Hindushahi, ruled from Udabhandapura
- c.1032–1350 Conquered and controlled by the empire of Mahmud of Ghazni.
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