Fundamental Station

A fundamental point (in German Fundamentalpunkt) is the geometric origin of a geodetic network and defines the geodetic datum of a national survey.

Some fundamental stations are an astronomical or satellite geodetic observatory. In any case, the geographic latitude and longitude of the station is precisely determined by methods of astrogeodesy and is chosen as ellipsoidal latitude and longitude at the Earth ellipsoid which is used to calculate the coordinates of the whole network.

Also, precise azimuths to one or two network points are observed, and are taken over as orientated directions of these network lines. By these procedure, the polar axis of the reference ellipsoid becomes parallel to the Earth rotation axis, and therefore the vertical deflection of the fundamental point is zero.

The term Fundamental station is used for special observatories which combine several space positioning techniques like VLBI, Satellite Laser Ranging, GPS, Glonass etc. They are the basis of Plate tectonic analyses which allow the monitoring of continental drift rates with accuracies of mm/year.

Important fundamental stations in Europe are

• Grasse, central France
• Graz-Lustbühel (Austria)
• Malvern, England (?)
• Onsala (large Radio telescope), Sweden
• Wettzell (20m Radio telescope) in the Bayerischer Wald, Germany
• Zimmerwald near Berne, Switzerland.

Worldwide about 30 fundamental stations are existing: about 5 in the USA and in Commonwealth of Independent States countries, 2-3 in South America, Africa, Eastern Asia, Australia and Antarctica.

The basic coordinate system is the ITRF reference frame, which is related to the ICRS celestial inertial system by means of very precise Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs), containing polar coordinates, Nutation- and Earth rotation parameters. The ITRF data set is revised every 3–5 years, the actual accuracy is in the millimeter area. The ITCS is based on about 500 Quasars in the far universe, and on some 3000 fundamental stars of our galaxy. The actual coordinates of the latter (FK6) were published in 2000 by the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) in Heidelberg.