In mathematics, each closed surface in the sense of geometric topology can be constructed from an even-sided oriented polygon, called a fundamental polygon, by pairwise identification of its edges.
This construction can be represented as a string of length 2n of n distinct symbols where each symbol appears twice with exponent either +1 or −1. The exponent −1 signifies that the corresponding edge has the orientation opposing the one of the fundamental polygon.
Read more about Fundamental Polygon: Examples, Group Generators, Standard Fundamental Polygons, Fundamental Polygon of A Compact Riemann Surface, Explicit Form For Standard Polygons, Generalizations
Famous quotes containing the word fundamental:
“We have had more brilliant Presidents than Cleveland, and one or two who were considerably more profound, but we have never had one, at least since Washington, whose fundamental character was solider and more admirable.”
—H.L. (Henry Lewis)