Degenerate Four-wave Mixing
Four-wave mixing (FWM) is also present if only three components interact. In this case the term
couples three components, thus generating so-called degenerate four-wave mixing, showing identical properties as in case of four interacting waves.
FWM is a fiber-optic characteristic that affects wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) systems, where multiple optical wavelengths are spaced at equal intervals or channel spacing. The effects of FWM are pronounced with decreased channel spacing of wavelengths and at high signal power levels. High chromatic dispersion decreases FWM effects, as the signals lose coherence. The interference FWM causes in WDM systems is known as interchannel crosstalk. FWM can be mitigated by using uneven channel spacing or fiber that increases dispersion.
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