God or Nature
According to Spinoza, God is Nature and Nature is God. This is his Pantheism. In his previous book, Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Spinoza discussed the inconsistencies that result when God is assumed to have human characteristics. In the third chapter of that book, he stated that the word "God" means the same as the word "Nature". He wrote: "Whether we say…that all things happen according to the laws of nature, or are ordered by the decree and direction of God, we say the same thing." He later qualified this statement in his letter to Oldenburg by abjuring Materialism. Nature, to Spinoza, is a metaphysical Substance, not physical matter. In this posthumously published book Ethics, he equated God with nature by writing “God or Nature” four times. “…or Spinoza, God or Nature—being one and the same thing—just is the whole, infinite, eternal, necessarily existing, active system of the universe within which absolutely everything exists. This is the fundamental principle of the Ethics….”
Read more about this topic: Ethics (book)
Famous quotes containing the words god or, god and/or nature:
“It is the manner of gods and prophets to begin: “Thou shalt have none other God or Prophet but me.” If I were to start as a God or a prophet I think I should take the line: “Thou shalt not believe in me. Thou shalt not have me for a God. Thou shalt worship any d_____d thing thou likest except me.” This should be my first and great commandment, and my second should be like unto it.”
—Samuel Butler (1835–1902)
“All this is from God, who reconciled us to himself through Christ, and has given us the ministry of reconciliation; that is, in Christ God was reconciling the world to himself, not counting their trespasses against them, and entrusting the message of reconciliation to us.”
—Bible: New Testament, 2 Corinthians 5:18-19.
“The nature of peoples is first crude, then severe, then benign, then delicate, finally dissolute.”
—Giambattista Vico (1688–1744)