English Modal Verbs - Comparison With Other Germanic Languages

Comparison With Other Germanic Languages

Many English modals have cognates in other Germanic languages, albeit with different meanings in some cases. Unlike the English modals, however, these verbs are not generally defective; they can inflect, and have forms such as infinitives, participles and future tenses (for example using the auxiliary werden in German). Examples of such cognates include:

  • in German: müssen ("to have to"), können ("to be able to"), sollen, cognates of must, can and shall respectively.
  • in Dutch: mogen, moeten, kunnen, zouden, cognates of may, must, can and should.
  • in Danish: måtte, kunne, ville, skulle, cognates of may/must, can, will, shall.

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