House of Austria-Este
With the dissolution of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1814, Ferdinand's son, Francis IV, again assumed the rule as Duke of Modena. Soon after, he inherited the territories of Massa and Carrara from his mother. In the course of the Italian unification, the Austria-Este dukes were briefly ousted in 1831 and 1848, but soon returned.
During the Second Italian War of Independence, following the 1859 Battle of Magenta the last Duke Francis V was again forced to flee, this time permanently. In December, Modena joined with Tuscany and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in March 1860.
Read more about this topic: Duchy Of Modena And Reggio
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