DIN 31635 is a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) standard for the transliteration of the Arabic alphabet adopted in 1982. It is based on the rules of the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG) as modified by the International Orientalist Congress 1936 in Rome. (The most important change was doing away with “j”, because it stood for /dʒ/ in the English speaking world and for /j/ in the German speaking world.) Its acceptance relies less on its official status than on its elegance (one sign for each Arabic letter) and the Geschichte der arabischen Literatur manuscript catalogue of Carl Brockelmann and the dictionary of Hans Wehr.
- The 28 letters:
| ء / ا | ب | ت | ث | ج | ح | خ | د | ذ | ر | ز | س | ش | ص | ض | ط | ظ | ع | غ | ف | ق | ك | ل | م | ن | ه | و | ي / ى | |
| ʾ / ā | b | t | ṯ | ǧ | ḥ | ḫ | d | ḏ | r | z | s | š | ṣ | ḍ | ṭ | ẓ | ʿ | ġ | f | q | k | l | m | n | h | w / ū | y / ī | |
| ʼ / ā | th | j | kh | dh | sh | ʻ | gh | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ʔ, aː | b | t | θ | dʒ ɡ ʒ |
ħ | x | d | ð | r | z | s | ʃ | sˤ | dˤ | tˤ | ðˤ zˤ |
ʕ | ɣ | f | q | k | l | m | n | h | w, uː | j, iː |
The ḥarakāt, fatḥah, kasrah and ḍammah are transliterated as a, i, u. A šaddah results in a geminate (consonant written twice), except in the case of the article, which is written with “sun letters” assimilated (šamsiyyah). An ʾalif marking /aː/ is transliterated as ā. (ﺓ) tāʾ marbūṭah as word-final -h normally, or -t in a word in the construct state. Hamzah has many variants: أ إ ء ئ ؤ depending on its position, all of which are transliterated as ⟨ʾ⟩. The initial ʾalif (ا) without a hamzah isn't transliterated using ʾ initially, only the initial vowel is transliterated (if pronounced): i-. (ﻯ) ʾalif maqṣūrah appears as ā, transliterating it indistinguishable from ʾalif. Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are transliterated as ī and ū. The nisbah suffix /ij(j), ijja/ appears as -iyy, -iyyah although the male version (the former one) is normally transliterated as -ī, the nunation is ignored in transliteration. A hyphen - is used to separate morphological elements, notably the article and prepositions.
The "Arabic-Indic numerals" (٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩) in use with the Arabic script are rendered as western "Arabic numerals" (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9).
Famous quotes containing the word din:
“For half a mile from the shore it was one mass of white breakers, which, with the wind, made such a din that we could hardly hear ourselves speak.... This was the stormiest sea that we witnessed,—more tumultuous, my companion affirmed, than the rapids of Niagara, and, of course, on a far greater scale. It was the ocean in a gale, a clear, cold day, with only one sail in sight, which labored much, as if it were anxiously seeking a harbor.... It was the roaring sea, thalassa exeessa.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)