Diabetic Angiopathy - Prognosis and Complications

Prognosis and Complications

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of adult kidney failure worldwide. It also the most common cause of amputation in the US, usually toes and feet, often as a result of gangrene, and almost always as a result of peripheral vascular disease. Retinal damage (from microangiopathy) makes it the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in the US.

Prognosis is generally poor for all forms of Diabetic angiopathy, as symptomatology is tied to the advancement of the underlying pathology i.e. the early-stage patient displays either non-specific symptoms or none at all.

"Diabetic dermopathy" is a manifestation of diabetic angiopathy. It is often found on the shin.

There is also Neuropathy; also associated with diabetes mellitus; type 1 and 2.

Endocrine pathology: endocrine diseases (E00–E35, 240–259)

Pancreas/
glucose
metabolism

Hypofunction

Diabetes mellitus

types:
- type 1
- type 2
- MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6
complications
- coma
- angiopathy
- ketoacidosis
- nephropathy
- neuropathy
- retinopathy
- cardiomyopathy

insulin receptor (Rabson–Mendenhall syndrome)
Insulin resistance

Hyperfunction

Hypoglycemia
beta cell (Hyperinsulinism)
G cell (Zollinger–Ellison syndrome)

Hypothalamic/
pituitary axes

Hypothalamus

gonadotropin
- Kallmann syndrome
- Adiposogenital dystrophy
CRH (Tertiary adrenal insufficiency)
vasopressin (Neurogenic diabetes insipidus)
general (Hypothalamic hamartoma)

Pituitary

Hyperpituitarism	anterior Acromegaly Hyperprolactinaemia Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion posterior (SIADH) general (Nelson's syndrome)

Hypopituitarism	anterior Kallmann syndrome Growth hormone deficiency ACTH deficiency/Secondary adrenal insufficiency GnRH insensitivity FSH insensitivity LH/hCG insensitivity posterior (Neurogenic diabetes insipidus) general Empty sella syndrome Pituitary apoplexy Sheehan's syndrome Lymphocytic hypophysitis

Thyroid

Hypothyroidism	Iodine deficiency Cretinism Congenital hypothyroidism Myxedema Euthyroid sick syndrome

Hyperthyroidism	Hyperthyroxinemia Thyroid hormone resistance Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia Hashitoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis factitia Graves' disease

Thyroiditis	Acute infectious Subacute De Quervain's Subacute lymphocytic Autoimmune/chronic Hashimoto's Postpartum Riedel's

Goitre	Endemic goitre Toxic nodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid nodule

Parathyroid

Hypoparathyroidism	Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism	Primary Secondary Tertiary Osteitis fibrosa cystica

Adrenal

Hyperfunction

aldosterone: Hyperaldosteronism/Primary aldosteronism
- Conn syndrome
- Bartter syndrome
- Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism
AME
Liddle's syndrome
17α CAH

cortisol: Cushing's syndrome (Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome)

sex hormones: 21α CAH
11β CAH

Hypofunction/
Adrenal insufficiency
(Addison's, WF)

aldosterone: Hypoaldosteronism
- 21α CAH
- 11β CAH

cortisol: CAH
- Lipoid
- 3β
- 11β
- 17α
- 21α

sex hormones: 17α CAH

Gonads

ovarian: Polycystic ovary syndrome
Premature ovarian failure

testicular: enzymatic
- 5α-reductase deficiency
- 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency
- aromatase excess syndrome)
Androgen receptor (Androgen insensitivity syndrome

general: Hypogonadism (Delayed puberty)
Hypergonadism
- Precocious puberty
Hypoandrogenism
Hypoestrogenism
Hyperandrogenism
Hyperestrogenism

Height

Dwarfism/Short stature
- Laron syndrome
- Psychosocial
Gigantism

Multiple

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
- APS1
- APS2
Carcinoid syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
- 1
- 2A
- 2B
Progeria
- Werner syndrome
- Acrogeria
- Metageria
Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome

M: END

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