2007 Urban Challenge
The third competition of the DARPA Grand Challenge, known as the "Urban Challenge", took place on November 3, 2007 at the site of the now-closed George Air Force Base (currently used as Southern California Logistics Airport), in Victorville, California (Google map). The course involved a 96 km (60 mi) urban area course, to be completed in less than 6 hours. Rules included obeying all traffic regulations while negotiating with other traffic and obstacles and merging into traffic.
Unlike previous challenges, the 2007 Urban Challenge organizers divided competitors into two "tracks," A and B. All Track A and Track B teams were part of the same competition circuit, but the teams chosen for the Track A program received US $1 million in funding. These 11 teams largely represented major universities and large corporate interests such as CMU teaming with GM as Tartan Racing, Stanford teaming with Volkswagen, Virginia Tech teaming with TORC Technologies as VictorTango, Oshkosh Truck, Honeywell, Raytheon, Caltech, Autonomous Solutions, Cornell, and MIT. One of the few independent entries in Track A was the Golem Group. DARPA has not publicly explained the rationale behind the selection of Track A teams.
Teams were given maps sparsely charting the waypoints that defined the competition courses. At least one team, Tartan Racing, enhanced the maps through the insertion of additional extrapolated waypoints for improved navigation. A debriefing published by one of the teams illustrates graphically the contrast between the course map it was given by DARPA and the course map used by Tartan Racing.
Tartan Racing claimed the $2 million prize with their vehicle "Boss", a Chevy Tahoe. The second place finisher earning the $1 million prize was the Stanford Racing Team with their entry "Junior", a 2006 Volkswagen Passat. Coming in third place was team VictorTango, winning the $500,000 prize with their 2005 Ford Escape hybrid, "Odin". MIT placed 4th, with Cornell University and University of Pennsylvania/Lehigh University also completing the course.
The six teams that successfully finished the entire course:
| Team Name | ID# | Vehicle | Type | Team Home | Time Taken (h:m:s) |
Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tartan Racing | 19 | Boss | 2007 Chevy Tahoe | Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania | 4:10:20 | 1st Place; averaged approximately 14 mph (22.53 km/h) throughout the course |
| Stanford Racing | 03 | Junior | 2006 Volkswagen Passat Wagon | Stanford University, Palo Alto, California | 4:29:28 | 2nd Place; averaged about 13.7 mph (22.05 km/h) throughout the course |
| VictorTango | 32 | Odin | 2005 Ford Hybrid Escape | Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia | 4:36:38 | 3rd Place; averaged slightly less than 13 mph (20.92 km/h) throughout the course |
| MIT | 79 | Talos | Land Rover LR3 | MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts | Approx. 6 hours | 4th Place. |
| The Ben Franklin Racing Team | 74 | Little Ben | 2006 Toyota Prius | University of Pennsylvania, Lehigh University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | No official time. | One of 6 teams to finish course |
| Cornell | 26 | Skynet | 2007 Chevy Tahoe | Cornell University, Ithaca, New York | No official time. | One of 6 teams to finish course |
While the 2004 and 2005 events were more physically challenging for the vehicles, the robots operated in isolation and only encountered other vehicles on the course when attempting to pass. The Urban Challenge required designers to build vehicles able to obey all traffic laws while they detect and avoid other robots on the course. This is a particular challenge for vehicle software, as vehicles must make "intelligent" decisions in real time based on the actions of other vehicles. Other than previous autonomous vehicle efforts that focused on structured situations such as highway driving with little interaction between the vehicles, this competition operated in a more cluttered urban environment and required the cars to perform sophisticated interactions with each other, such as maintaining precedence at a 4-way stop intersection.
Read more about this topic: DARPA Grand Challenge
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