In audiology and psychoacoustics the term critical band, introduced by Harvey Fletcher in the 1940s, refers to the frequency bandwidth of the "auditory filter" created by the cochlea, the sense organ of hearing within the inner ear. Roughly, the critical band is the band of audio frequencies within which a second tone will interfere with the perception of a first tone by auditory masking.
Psychophysiologically, beating and auditory roughness sensations can be linked to the inability of the auditory frequency-analysis mechanism to resolve inputs whose frequency difference is smaller than the critical bandwidth and to the resulting irregular "tickling" of the mechanical system (basilar membrane) that resonates in response to such inputs. Critical bands are also closely related to auditory masking phenomena – reduced audibility of a sound signal when in the presence of a second signal of higher intensity and within the same critical band. Masking phenomena have wide implications, ranging from a complex relationship between loudness (perceptual frame of reference) and intensity (physical frame of reference) to sound compression algorithms.
Read more about Critical Band: Auditory Filters, Psychoacoustic Tuning Curves, Anatomy and Physiology of The Basilar Membrane, Relationship To Masking, Normal and Impaired Auditory Filters
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