Turbo Codes: A Parallel Concatenation Approach
The description above is given for what is now called a serially concatenated code. Turbo codes, as described first in 1993, implemented a parallel concatenation of two convolutional codes, with an interleaver between the two codes and an iterative decoder that would pass information forth and back between the codes. This construction had much higher performance than all previously conceived concatenated codes.
However, a key aspect of turbo codes is their iterated decoding approach. Iterated decoding is now also applied to serial concatenations in order to achieve higher coding gains, such as within serially concatenated convolutional codes (SCCCs). An early form of iterated decoding was notably implemented with 2 to 5 iterations in the "Galileo code" of the Galileo spacecraft.
Read more about this topic: Concatenated Error Correction Code
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