Cerebral Atrophy - Symptoms

Symptoms

Many diseases that cause cerebral atrophy are associated with dementia, seizures, and a group of language disorders called the aphasias. Dementia is characterized by a progressive impairment of memory and intellectual function that is severe enough to interfere with social and work skills. Memory, orientation, abstraction, ability to learn, visual-spatial perception, and higher executive functions such as planning, organizing and sequencing may also be impaired. Seizures can take different forms, appearing as disorientation, strange repetitive movements, loss of consciousness, or convulsions. Aphasias are a group of disorders characterized by disturbances in speaking and understanding language. Receptive aphasia causes impaired comprehension. Expressive aphasia is reflected in odd choices of words, the use of partial phrases, disjointed clauses, and incomplete sentences.

Pathology of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G04–G47, 323–349)

Inflammation

Brain	Encephalitis Viral encephalitis Herpesviral encephalitis Cavernous sinus thrombosis Brain abscess Amoebic

Spinal cord	Myelitis: Poliomyelitis Demyelinating disease Transverse myelitis Tropical spastic paraparesis Epidural abscess

Both/either	Encephalomyelitis Acute disseminated Meningoencephalitis

Brain/
encephalopathy

Degenerative

Extrapyramidal and movement disorders	Basal ganglia disease Parkinsonism PD Postencephalitic NMS PKAN Tauopathy PSP Striatonigral degeneration Hemiballismus HD OA Dyskinesia Dystonia Status dystonicus Spasmodic torticollis Meige's Blepharospasm Athetosis Chorea Choreoathetosis Myoclonus Myoclonic epilepsy Akathesia Tremor Essential tremor Intention tremor Restless legs Stiff person

Dementia	Tauopathy Alzheimer's Early-onset Primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration Pick's Dementia with Lewy bodies Multi-infarct dementia

Mitochondrial disease	Leigh's disease

Demyelinating

autoimmune
- Multiple sclerosis
- Neuromyelitis optica
- Schilder's disease
hereditary
- Adrenoleukodystrophy
- Alexander
- Canavan
- Krabbe
- ML
- PMD
- VWM
- MFC
- CAMFAK syndrome
Central pontine myelinolysis
Marchiafava-Bignami disease
Alpers' disease

Episodic/
paroxysmal

Seizure/epilepsy	Focal Generalised Status epilepticus Myoclonic epilepsy

Headache	Migraine Familial hemiplegic Cluster Tension

Cerebrovascular	TIA Amaurosis fugax Transient global amnesia Acute aphasia Stroke MCA ACA PCA Foville's Millard-Gubler Lateral medullary Weber's Lacunar stroke

Sleep disorders	Insomnia Hypersomnia Sleep apnea Obstructive Ondine's curse Narcolepsy Cataplexy Kleine-Levin Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Advanced sleep phase disorder Delayed sleep phase disorder Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder Jet lag

CSF

Intracranial hypertension
- Hydrocephalus/NPH
- Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Cerebral edema
Intracranial hypotension

Other

Brain herniation
Reye's
Hepatic encephalopathy
Toxic encephalopathy

Spinal cord/
myelopathy

Syringomyelia
Syringobulbia
Morvan's syndrome
Vascular myelopathy
- Foix-Alajouanine syndrome
Spinal cord compression

Both/either

Degenerative

Friedreich's ataxia
Ataxia telangiectasia

MND

UMN only:
- PLS
- PP
- HSP

LMN only:
- Distal hereditary motor neuropathies
- Spinal muscular atrophies
  - SMA
  - SMAX1
  - SMAX2
  - DSMA1
  - SMA-PCH
  - SMA-LED
- PMA
- PBP
  - Fazio-Londe
  - Infantile progressive bulbar palsy

both:
- ALS

M: CNS

anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

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