Carotenoid - Naturally Occurring Carotenoids

Naturally Occurring Carotenoids

• Hydrocarbons
  • Lycopersene 7,8,11,12,15,7',8',11',12',15'-Decahydro-γ,γ-carotene
  • Phytofluene
  • Hexahydrolycopene 15-cis-7,8,11,12,7',8'-Hexahydro-γ,γ-carotene
  • Torulene 3',4'-Didehydro-β,γ-carotene
  • α-Zeacarotene 7',8'-Dihydro-ε,γ-carotene

• Alcohols
  • Alloxanthin
  • Cynthiaxanthin
  • Pectenoxanthin
  • Cryptomonaxanthin (3R,3'R)-7,8,7',8'-Tetradehydro-β,β-carotene-3,3'-diol
  • Crustaxanthin β,-Carotene-3,4,3',4'-tetrol
  • Gazaniaxanthin (3R)-5'-cis-β,γ-Caroten-3-ol
  • OH-Chlorobactene 1',2'-Dihydro-f,γ-caroten-1'-ol
  • Loroxanthin β,ε-Carotene-3,19,3'-triol
  • Lycoxanthin γ,γ-Caroten-16-ol
  • Rhodopin 1,2-Dihydro-γ,γ-caroten-l-ol
  • Rhodopinol aka Warmingol 13-cis-1,2-Dihydro-γ,γ-carotene-1,20-diol
  • Saproxanthin 3',4'-Didehydro-1',2'-dihydro-β,γ-carotene-3,1'-diol
  • Zeaxanthin

• Glycosides
  • Oscillaxanthin 2,2'-Bis(β-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy)-3,4,3',4'-tetradehydro-1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-carotene-1,1'-diol
  • Phleixanthophyll 1'-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-3',4'-didehydro-1',2'-dihydro-β,γ-caroten-2'-ol

• Ethers
  • Rhodovibrin 1'-Methoxy-3',4'-didehydro-1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-caroten-1-ol
  • Spheroidene 1-Methoxy-3,4-didehydro-1,2,7',8'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-carotene

• Epoxides
  • Diadinoxanthin 5,6-Epoxy-7',8'-didehydro-5,6-dihydro—carotene-3,3-diol
  • Luteoxanthin 5,6: 5',8'-Diepoxy-5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-β,β-carotene-3,3'-diol
  • Mutatoxanthin
  • Citroxanthin
  • Zeaxanthin furanoxide 5,8-Epoxy-5,8-dihydro-β,β-carotene-3,3'-diol
  • Neochrome 5',8'-Epoxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,5',8'-tetrahydro-β,β-carotene-3,5,3'-triol
  • Foliachrome
  • Trollichrome
  • Vaucheriaxanthin 5',6'-Epoxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,5',6'-tetrahydro-β,β-carotene-3,5,19,3'-tetrol

• Aldehydes
  • Rhodopinal
  • Warmingone 13-cis-1-Hydroxy-1,2-dihydro-γ,γ-caroten-20-al
  • Torularhodinaldehyde 3',4'-Didehydro-β,γ-caroten-16'-al

• Acids and acid esters
  • Torularhodin 3',4'-Didehydro-β,γ-caroten-16'-oic acid
  • Torularhodin methyl ester Methyl 3',4'-didehydro-β,γ-caroten-16'-oate

• Ketones
  • Astaxanthin
  • Canthaxanthin aka Aphanicin, Chlorellaxanthin β,β-Carotene-4,4'-dione
  • Capsanthin (3R,3'S,5'R)-3,3'-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6'-one
  • Capsorubin (3S,5R,3'S,5'R)-3,3'-Dihydroxy-κ,κ-carotene-6,6'-dione
  • Cryptocapsin (3'R,5'R)-3'-Hydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6'-one
  • 2,2'-Diketospirilloxanthin 1,1'-Dimethoxy-3,4,3',4'-tetradehydro-1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-γ,γ-carotene-2,2'-dione
  • Flexixanthin 3,1'-Dihydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-1',2'-dihydro-β,γ-caroten-4-one
  • 3-OH-Canthaxanthin aka Adonirubin aka Phoenicoxanthin 3-Hydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione
  • Hydroxyspheriodenone 1'-Hydroxy-1-methoxy-3,4-didehydro-1,2,1',2',7',8'-hexahydro-γ,γ-caroten-2-one
  • Okenone 1'-Methoxy-1',2'-dihydro-c,γ-caroten-4'-one
  • Pectenolone 3,3'-Dihydroxy-7',8'-didehydro-β,β-caroten-4-one
  • Phoeniconone aka Dehydroadonirubin 3-Hydroxy-2,3-didehydro-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione
  • Phoenicopterone β,ε-caroten-4-one
  • Rubixanthone 3-Hydroxy-β,γ-caroten-4'-one
  • Siphonaxanthin 3,19,3'-Trihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β,ε-caroten-8-one

• Esters of alcohols
  • Astacein 3,3'-Bispalmitoyloxy-2,3,2',3'-tetradehydro-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione or 3,3'-dihydroxy-2,3,2',3'-tetradehydro-β,β-carotene-4,4'-dione dipalmitate
  • Fucoxanthin 3'-Acetoxy-5,6-epoxy-3,5'-dihydroxy-6',7'-didehydro-5,6,7,8,5',6'-hexahydro-β,β-caroten-8-one
  • Isofucoxanthin 3'-Acetoxy-3,5,5'-trihydroxy-6',7'-didehydro-5,8,5',6'-tetrahydro-β,β-caroten-8-one
  • Physalien
  • Zeaxanthin (3R,3'R)-3,3'-Bispalmitoyloxy-β,β-carotene or (3R,3'R)-β,β-carotene-3,3'-diol
  • Siphonein 3,3'-Dihydroxy-19-lauroyloxy-7,8-dihydro-β,ε-caroten-8-one or 3,19,3'-trihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-β,ε-caroten-8-one 19-laurate

• Apo carotenoids
  • β-Apo-2'-carotenal 3',4'-Didehydro-2'-apo-b-caroten-2'-al
  • Apo-2-lycopenal
  • Apo-6'-lycopenal 6'-Apo-y-caroten-6'-al
  • Azafrinaldehyde 5,6-Dihydroxy-5,6-dihydro-10'-apo-β-caroten-10'-al
  • Bixin 6'-Methyl hydrogen 9'-cis-6,6'-diapocarotene-6,6'-dioate
  • Citranaxanthin 5',6'-Dihydro-5'-apo-β-caroten-6'-one or 5',6'-dihydro-5'-apo-18'-nor-β-caroten-6'-one or 6'-methyl-6'-apo-β-caroten-6'-one
  • Crocetin 8,8'-Diapo-8,8'-carotenedioic acid
  • Crocetinsemialdehyde 8'-Oxo-8,8'-diapo-8-carotenoic acid
  • Crocin Digentiobiosyl 8,8'-diapo-8,8'-carotenedioate
  • Hopkinsiaxanthin 3-Hydroxy-7,8-didehydro-7',8'-dihydro-7'-apo-b-carotene-4,8'-dione or 3-hydroxy-8'-methyl-7,8-didehydro-8'-apo-b-carotene-4,8'-dione
  • Methyl apo-6'-lycopenoate Methyl 6'-apo-y-caroten-6'-oate
  • Paracentrone 3,5-Dihydroxy-6,7-didehydro-5,6,7',8'-tetrahydro-7'-apo-b-caroten-8'-one or 3,5-dihydroxy-8'-methyl-6,7-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-8'-apo-b-caroten-8'-one
  • Sintaxanthin 7',8'-Dihydro-7'-apo-b-caroten-8'-one or 8'-methyl-8'-apo-b-caroten-8'-one

• Nor- and seco-carotenoids
  • Actinioerythrin 3,3'-Bisacyloxy-2,2'-dinor-b,b-carotene-4,4'-dione
  • β-Carotenone 5,6:5',6'-Diseco-b,b-carotene-5,6,5',6'-tetrone
  • Peridinin 3'-Acetoxy-5,6-epoxy-3,5'-dihydroxy-6',7'-didehydro-5,6,5',6'-tetrahydro-12',13',20'-trinor-b,b-caroten-19,11-olide
  • Pyrrhoxanthininol 5,6-epoxy-3,3'-dihydroxy-7',8'-didehydro-5,6-dihydro-12',13',20'-trinor-b,b-caroten-19,11-olide
  • Semi-α-carotenone 5,6-Seco-b,e-carotene-5,6-dione
  • Semi-β-carotenone 5,6-seco-b,b-carotene-5,6-dione or 5',6'-seco-b,b-carotene-5',6'-dione
  • Triphasiaxanthin 3-Hydroxysemi-b-carotenone 3'-Hydroxy-5,6-seco-b,b-carotene-5,6-dione or 3-hydroxy-5',6'-seco-b,b-carotene-5',6'-dione

• Retro-carotenoids and retro-apo-carotenoids
  • Eschscholtzxanthin 4',5'-Didehydro-4,5'-retro-b,b-carotene-3,3'-diol
  • Eschscholtzxanthone 3'-Hydroxy-4',5'-didehydro-4,5'-retro-b,b-caroten-3-one
  • Rhodoxanthin 4',5'-Didehydro-4,5'-retro-b,b-carotene-3,3'-dione
  • Tangeraxanthin 3-Hydroxy-5'-methyl-4,5'-retro-5'-apo-b-caroten-5'-one or 3-hydroxy-4,5'-retro-5'-apo-b-caroten-5'-one

• Higher carotenoids
  • Nonaprenoxanthin 2-(4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)-7',8',11',12'-tetrahydro-e,y-carotene
  • Decaprenoxanthin 2,2'-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)-e,e-carotene
  • C.p. 450 2--2'-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-b,b-carotene
  • C.p. 473 2'-(4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-3',4'-didehydro-l',2'-dihydro-b,y-caroten-1'-ol
  • Bacterioruberin 2,2'-Bis(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)-3,4,3',4'-tetradehydro-1,2,1',2'-tetrahydro-y,y-carotene-1,1'-dio