Byzantium Under The Palaiologoi - Kephale

Kephale

Main article: Kephale (Byzantine Empire)

In the late Byzantine Empire, the term kephalē (Greek: κεφαλή, "head") was used to denote local and provincial governors.

It entered use in the second half of the 13th century, and was derived from the colloquial language. Consequently, it never became an established title or rank of the Byzantine imperial hierarchy, but remained a descriptive term. In essence, the kephalē replaced the Komnenian-era doux as the civil and military governor of a territorial administrative unit, known as a katepanikion, but also termed a kephalatikion. In size, these provinces were small compared to the earlier themata, and could range from a few villages surrounding the kephalē's seat (a kastron, "fortress"), to an entire island. This arrangement was also adopted by the Second Bulgarian Empire (as Bulgarian: кефалия, kefalia) and Serbian Empire (as Serbian: кефалиja, kefalija).

In the 14th century, superior kephalai were appointed (katholikai kephalai, "universal heads") overseeing a group of provinces under their respective kephalai (" heads"). The former were usually kin of the Byzantine emperor or members of the senior aristocratic clans. With the increasing decentralization of the Empire and the creation of appanages in the form of semi-independent despotates, these posts vanished by the late 14th century.