First Phase
- Bus massacre
- Hotels
- Black Saturday
- Karantina
- Damour
- Tel al-Zaatar
Second Phase
- Hundred Days' War
- 1978 South Lebanon conflict
- Ehden
- Safra
- Zahleh campaign
Third Phase
- 1982 Lebanon War
- Sabra and Shatila
- US Embassy
- Barracks bombing
- Mountain War
Fourth Phase
- War of the Camps
- 1985 Beirut car bombing
- Geagea-Hobeika Conflict
- October 13 massacre
Black Saturday was a series of massacres and armed clashes in Beirut, that occurred in the first stages of the Lebanese Civil War.
On Saturday December 6, 1975, the bodies of four members of the rightist Kataeb Party (Phalange), an organization grouping primarily Maronite Christians, were found in an abandoned car outside the state-owned power plant in Christian-dominated East Beirut.
The Phalange's militiamen in the city went into a frenzied rage, blaming the killings on the Lebanese National Movement (LNM), dominated by leftist Muslims and Palestinians. Phalange forces attacked Muslims throughout Christian-dominated East Beirut, indiscriminately firing into crowds. Tens or hundreds of Muslim hostages were snatched off city streets and either killed or later released for ransom.
Fighters, allegedly led by Joseph Saadeh, whose son was one of the four murdered, began putting up checkpoints on major roads. At these, passing cars and pedestrians were intercepted and ordered to show identification cards. Any Palestinians (who as refugees were stateless, and had no ID cards) or Muslims (Lebanese ID cards indicated religious affiliation) were killed on the spot.
In an orgy of bloodletting, several hundred people were murdered in a few hours, most of them civilian. Estimations of the total number of victims range between 200 and 600. Phalangist headquarters released a communiqué the next day claiming the revenge was supposed to have been limited to hostage-taking, but had escalated into a massacre because of "hysteria" and "elements who would not listen to orders of their superiors".
Immediately afterwards, the LNM attacked Phalangist positions in retaliation. Major combat raged in the capital, and much of the surrounding countryside, until January 22, 1976, but was soon to resume again.
Famous quotes containing the words black and/or saturday:
“Never ‘eld with mournin’ meself. I always say, life’s black enough as it is without dressin’ in it, too.”
—Philip Dunne (1908–1992)
“The return of the asymmetrical Saturday was one of those small events that were interior, local, almost civic and which, in tranquil lives and closed societies, create a sort of national bond and become the favorite theme of conversation, of jokes and of stories exaggerated with pleasure: it would have been a ready- made seed for a legendary cycle, had any of us leanings toward the epic.”
—Marcel Proust (1871–1922)