Associative Interchange Pathway
In many substitution reactions, well-defined intermediates are not observed, when the rate of such processes are influenced by the nature of the entering ligand, the pathway is called associative interchange, abbreviated Ia. Representative is the interchange of bulk and coordinated water in 2+. In contrast, the slightly more compact ion 2+ exchanges water via the Id.
Read more about this topic: Associative Substitution
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