Adhemar Pereira de Barros (born 22 April 1901 in Piracicaba, Brazil-died 12 March 1969 in Paris, France) was the mayor of São Paulo (1957–1961), and twice elected Governor of São Paulo (1947-1951 & 1963-1966). He was also the federal interventor in the state of São Paulo nominated by Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas, serving between 1938 and 1941. Following the re-democratization, he was elected Governor of São Paulo with a large margin in the 1947 elections, relying on a large coalition which included working-class support. Known to be a populist, he built a strong electoral machine, the Social Progressive Party (PSP), which dominated state politics until 1964. He was accused of being corrupt, but he was responsible for advances in social legislation and infrastructure: his candid supporters said "rouba mas faz" (he steals but he gets things done). He did not run for re-election in 1950, and was defeated by Jânio Quadros in 1954, before winning in 1962.
After having lent support to Getúlio Vargas in 1950, he ran for President in his own right in 1955 and 1960. In the latter election he placed third behind the eventual winner, Jânio Quadros who defeated him in the 1954 gubernatorial election by less than 1%.