A waveguide is a structure which guides waves, such as electromagnetic waves or sound waves. There are different types of waveguides for each type of wave. The original and most common meaning is a hollow conductive metal pipe used to carry high frequency radio waves, particularly microwaves.
Waveguides differ in their geometry which can confine energy in one dimension such as in slab waveguides or two dimensions as in fiber or channel waveguides. In addition, different waveguides are needed to guide different frequencies: an optical fiber guiding light (high frequency) will not guide microwaves (which have a much lower frequency). As a rule of thumb, the width of a waveguide needs to be of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength of the guided wave.
There are structures in nature which act as waveguides: for example, the SOFAR channel layer in the ocean can guide whale song enormous distances.
Read more about Waveguide: Principle of Operation, History, Uses, A Sketch of The Theoretical Analysis, Electromagnetic Waveguides, Optical Waveguides, Acoustic Waveguides, Sound Synthesis