Virtuti Militari
The Order Wojenny Virtuti Militari (War Order of Virtuti Militari) (Latin for "For Military Valour") is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war. It was created in 1792 by Poland's King Stanisław August Poniatowski and is one of the oldest military decorations in the world still in use.
It is awarded in five classes either for personal heroism or, to commanders, for leadership. Some of the heroic actions recognized by an award of the Virtuti Militari are equivalent to those meriting the British Victoria Cross or the American Medal of Honor.
Soon after its introduction, however, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was destroyed in the partitions of Poland (1795), and the partitioning powers abolished the decoration and prohibited its wearing. Since then, the award has been reintroduced, renamed and banned several times, with its fate closely reflecting the vicissitudes of the Polish people. Throughout the decoration's existence, thousands of soldiers and officers, Polish and foreign, several cities and one ship have been awarded the Virtuti Militari for valor or outstanding leadership in war. There have been no new awards since 1989.
Read more about Virtuti Militari: Beginnings, Duchy of Warsaw, Congress Poland, Republic of Poland, World War II, People's Republic of Poland, Republic of Poland (after 1989)