Total Fertility Rates By Federal Subjects of Russia

This is a list of values of total fertility rates by federal subjects of Russia

Oblast Urban TFR Rural TFR
Belgorod Oblast 1.05 1.44
Bryansk Oblast 1.17 1.30
Vladimir Oblast 1.22 1.37
Voronezh Oblast 1.07 1.32
Ivanovo Oblast 1.12 1.30
Kaluga Oblast 1.15 1.46
Kostroma Oblast 1.29 1.35
Kursk Oblast 1.17 1.27
Lipetsk Oblast 1.17 1.52
Moscow Oblast 1.20 1.18
Oryol Oblast 1.07 1.40
Ryazan Oblast 1.10 1.59
Smolensk Oblast 1.07 1.42
Tambov Oblast 1.12 1.37
Tver Oblast 1.21 1.68
Tula Oblast 1.09 1.22
Yaroslavl Oblast 1.17 1.52
Moscow 1.13 NA
Republic of Karelia 1.13 1.69
Komi Republic 1.26 1.69
Arkhangelsk Oblast 1.26 1.79
Nenets Autonomous Okrug 1.52 2.82
Vologda Oblast 1.22 1.81
Kaliningrad Oblast 1.09 1.35
Leningrad Oblast 1.02 1.06
Murmansk Oblast 1.22 1.49
Novgorod Oblast 1.17 1.54
Pskov Oblast 1.16 1.58
Saint Petersburg 1.09 NA
Republic of Adygea 1.10 1.66
Republic of Dagestan 1.32 2.06
Republic of Ingushetia 1.63 1.52
Kabardino-Balkar Republic 0.96 1.40
Republic of Kalmykia 1.49 1.91
Karachay–Cherkess Republic 1.34 1.61
Republic of North Ossetia–Alania 1.52 1.33
Chechen Republic 4.04 2.30
Krasnodar Krai 1.25 1.42
Stavropol Krai 1.12 1.38
Astrakhan Oblast 1.46 1.61
Volgograd Oblast 1.12 1.57
Rostov Oblast 1.05 1.41
Republic of Bashkortostan 1.27 1.69
Mari El Republic 1.24 1.57
Republic of Mordovia 1.06 1.35
Republic of Tatarstan 1.18 1.68
Udmurt Republic 1.24 1.77
Chuvash Republic 1.12 1.72
Komi-Permyak Okrug (no longer a federal subject) 1.22 1.76
Kirov Oblast 1.13 1.59
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 1.13 1.47
Orenburg Oblast 1.15 1.65
Penza Oblast 1.05 1.42
Samara Oblast 1.17 1.52
Saratov Oblast 1.05 1.50
Ulyanovsk Oblast 1.09 1.35
Kurgan Oblast 1.23 1.53
Sverdlovsk Oblast 1.22 1.58
Tyumen Oblast 1.42 1.76
Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug 1.52 1.77
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 1.51 2.28
Chelyabinsk Oblast 1.20 1.62
Altai Republic 1.67 2.29
Buryat Republic 1.50 1.88
Tyva Republic 1.73 2.73
Republic of Khakassia 1.22 1.75
Altai Krai 1.10 1.53
Krasnoyarsk Krai 1.17 1.80
former Taymyr Autonomous Okrug 1.27 2.96
former Evenk Autonomous Okrug 1.94 2.41
Irkutsk Oblast 1.30 1.91
Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug NA 2.06
Kemerovo Oblast 1.27 1.55
Novosibirsk Oblast 1.18 1.69
Omsk Oblast 1.09 1.62
Tomsk Oblast 1.11 1.40
Chita Oblast 1.52 1.77
Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug 2.11 2.12
Sakha Republic 1.52 2.30
Primorsky Krai 1.20 1.66
Khabarovsk Krai 1.21 1.65
Amur Oblast 1.28 1.80
Kamchatka Oblast 1.33 1.56
Koryak Autonomous Okrug 1.54 2.14
Magadan Oblast 1.31 3.24
Sakhalin Oblast 1.35 1.72
Jewish Autonomous Oblast 1.26 1.56
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 1.71 3.00

The historical variation in TFR in RF is given in the table below.

Years Total Urban Rural
1961–1962 2.417 1.935 3.195
1962–1963 2.311 1.847 3.098
1963–1964 2.227 1.782 3.026
1964–1965 2.139 1.732 2.928
1965–1966 2.125 1.728 2.974
1966–1967 2.072 1.707 2.898
1967–1968 1.998 1.677 2.746
1968–1969 1.975 1.696 2.627
1969–1970 1.972 1.733 2.535
1970–1971 2.007 1.773 2.588
1971–1972 2.053 1.825 2.656
1972–1973 2.023 1.800 2.660
1973–1974 2.000 1.770 2.704
1974–1975 1.993 1.757 2.764
1975–1976 1.969 1.734 2.779
1976–1977 1.967 1.737 2.773
1977–1978 1.938 1.717 2.734
1978–1979 1.902 1.714 2.497
1979–1980 1.888 1.698 2.504
1980–1981 1.895 1.700 2.562
1981–1982 1.951 1.739 2.758
1982–1983 2.047 1.820 2.910
1983–1984 2.083 1.850 2.988
1984–1985 2.057 1.826 2.936
1985–1986 2.111 1.874 3.003
1986–1987 2.194 1.947 3.162
1988 2.13 1.896 3.057
1989 2.007 1.826 2.63
1990 1.892 1.698 2.6
1991 1.732 1.531 2.447
1992 1.547 1.351 2.219
1993 1.36 1.195 1.913
1994 1.385 1.234 1.884
1995 1.337 1.193 1.813
1996 1.27 1.14 1.705
1997 1.212 1.094 1.603
1998 1.232 1.109 1.643
1999 1.157 1.045 1.534
2000 1.19 1.087 1.535
2001 1.223 1.124 1.564
2002 1.286 1.189 1.633
2003 1.319 1.223 1.666
2004 1.34 1.247 1.665

Historical TFR for CIS is given below.

Year Azerbaijan Armenia Belarus Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrghizstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenikstan Uzbekistan Ukraine Estonia
1958 5.08 4.69 2.80 2.59 4.50 4.39 1.94 2.63 3.57 2.63 3.98 5.18 5.11 2.30 1.95
1959 5.08 4.73 2.80 2.59 4.50 4.39 1.94 2.63 3.57 2.63 3.98 5.18 5.11 2.30 1.95
1960 5.01 4.50 2.80 2.65 4.33 4.51 1.94 2.59 3.46 2.56 4.33 5.43 5.25 2.24 1.96
1961 5.34 4.27 2.61 2.65 4.15 4.63 1.94 2.57 3.23 2.47 4.69 5.67 5.38 2.17 1.97
1962 5.37 4.17 2.57 2.65 4.15 4.63 1.91 2.44 3.04 2.36 4.69 5.67 5.38 2.14 1.96
1963 5.44 4.11 2.46 2.62 3.90 4.62 1.85 2.34 2.89 2.31 4.84 5.75 5.31 2.06 1.94
1964 5.40 3.98 2.36 2.62 3.70 4.60 1.79 2.29 2.70 2.19 5.06 5.87 5.43 1.96 1.94
1965 5.27 3.90 2.27 2.60 3.54 4.69 1.74 2.21 2.69 2.12 5.41 5.94 5.57 1.99 1.93
1966 5.09 3.69 2.28 2.60 3.52 4.76 1.76 2.23 2.68 2.13 5.56 6.10 5.64 2.02 1.92
1967 4.97 3.55 2.26 2.53 3.42 4.71 1.80 2.23 2.75 2.04 5.55 6.05 5.57 2.01 1.95
1968 4.79 3.46 2.23 2.53 3.32 4.71 1.83 2.25 2.73 1.99 5.95 6.04 5.73 1.98 2.03
1969 4.64 3.20 2.18 2.62 3.26 4.68 1.88 2.30 2.57 2.00 6.02 6.09 5.76 2.04 2.11
1970 4.56 3.16 2.30 2.62 3.32 4.89 2.02 2.39 2.56 2.00 5.97 5.97 5.68 2.10 2.16
1971 4.30 3.17 2.34 2.61 3.37 4.97 2.04 2.41 2.63 2.03 6.10 6.00 5.84 2.12 2.19
1972 4.13 3.07 2.36 2.61 3.37 4.97 2.03 2.35 2.63 2.03 6.15 5.90 5.45 2.08 2.14
1973 4.04 2.92 2.29 2.58 3.32 4.89 1.96 2.22 2.59 1.96 6.07 5.87 5.67 2.04 2.07
1974 3.95 2.82 2.24 2.58 3.31 4.81 2.00 2.21 2.57 2.00 6.20 5.85 5.71 2.04 2.07
1975 3.92 2.79 2.20 2.52 3.30 4.75 1.97 2.18 2.52 1.97 6.26 5.77 5.68 2.02 2.04
1976 3.82 2.72 2.16 2.52 3.26 4.87 1.93 2.18 2.46 1.96 6.35 5.74 5.66 1.99 2.06
1977 3.66 2.61 2.11 2.33 3.22 4.78 1.89 2.14 2.39 1.92 6.19 5.70 5.48 1.94 2.06
1978 3.49 2.46 2.08 2.33 3.13 4.56 1.87 2.09 2.38 1.90 5.99 5.50 5.25 1.96 2.03
1979 3.33 2.38 2.06 2.26 3.03 4.41 1.87 2.05 2.39 1.87 5.97 5.27 5.10 1.96 2.01
1980 3.23 2.31 2.04 2.26 2.90 4.07 1.90 1.99 2.41 1.86 5.64 4.93 4.81 1.95 2.02
1981 3.11 2.34 2.07 2.25 2.91 4.09 1.90 1.98 2.45 1.88 5.63 4.92 4.81 1.93 2.07
1982 3.05 2.35 2.02 2.20 2.93 4.09 1.98 1.97 2.57 1.96 5.59 4.80 4.77 1.94 2.08
1983 2.98 2.42 2.09 2.19 2.93 4.09 2.13 2.10 2.67 2.09 5.47 4.80 4.65 2.11 2.16
1984 2.93 2.49 2.14 2.24 2.98 4.13 2.15 2.07 2.66 2.05 5.46 4.68 4.61 2.08 2.17
1985 2.94 2.54 2.08 2.27 3.03 4.14 2.09 2.09 2.75 2.05 5.49 4.67 4.65 2.02 2.12
1986 2.93 2.57 2.10 2.27 3.08 4.18 2.21 2.12 2.78 2.18 5.60 4.73 4.70 2.13 2.17
1987 2.83 2.55 2.04 2.19 3.16 4.22 2.21 2.11 2.70 2.23 5.69 4.77 4.66 2.07 2.26
1988 2.79 2.49 2.04 2.13 3.13 4.01 2.16 2.02 2.63 2.13 5.38 4.60 4.30 2.05 2.26
1989 2.72 2.61 2.02 2.11 2.84 3.80 2.05 1.98 2.50 2.01 5.08 4.30 4.02 1.93 2.21
1990 2.62 2.62 1.90 2.15 2.76 3.60 2.00 2.03 2.39 1.89 5.09 4.20 4.07 1.89 2.05
1991 2.89 2.59 1.79 2.07 2.72 3.60 1.86 2.01 2.28 1.73 5.04 4.10 4.20 1.81 1.80
1992 2.78 2.35 1.76 1.72 2.62 3.50 1.74 1.94 2.22 1.55 4.13 3.90 4.00 1.72 1.71
1993 2.74 1.97 1.62 1.54 2.45 3.10 1.52 1.74 2.06 1.37 4.23 3.70 3.80 1.56 1.49
1994 2.56 1.71 1.53 1.52 2.41 2.90 1.41 1.57 1.93 1.39 4.35 3.60 3.53 1.46 1.42
1995 2.30 1.84 1.40 1.54 2.22 3.10 1.27 1.55 1.74 1.34 4.38 3.50 3.59 1.38 1.38
1996 2.06 1.60 1.33 1.55 2.05 2.80 1.18 1.49 1.59 1.27 3.94 3.30 3.31 1.31 1.37
1997 2.03 1.46 1.25 1.55 1.90 2.60 1.13 1.47 1.65 1.22 4.02 3.20 3.08 1.25 1.31
1998 1.89 1.45 1.29 1.50 1.84 2.80 1.11 1.46 1.67 1.23 4.10 3.10 2.81 1.19 1.28
1999 1.72 1.20 1.29 1.44 1.80 2.60 1.18 1.46 1.39 1.16 3.84 3.00 2.72 1.11 1.31
2000 1.71 1.31 1.31 1.46 1.85 2.40 1.24 1.39 1.30 1.20 3.68 2.90 2.58 1.10 1.38
2001 1.60 1.24 1.27 1.44 1.84 2.40 1.21 1.30 1.25 1.22 3.81 2.80 2.46 1.08 1.33
2002 1.58 1.21 1.22 1.42 1.88 2.50 1.23 1.24 1.21 1.29 3.81 2.60 2.52 1.13 1.37
2003 1.60 1.35 1.21 1.37 2.03 2.50 1.29 1.26 1.22 1.32 2.40 2.60 2.36 1.17 1.37
2004 1.82 1.38 1.20 1.44 2.21 2.60 1.24 1.26 1.25 1.34 3.10 2.60 2.46 1.22 1.46
2005 2.00 1.37 1.20 1.40 2.00 2.60 1.31 1.30 1.20 1.29 4.10 2.90 2.70 1.20 1.50

Live Births by federal regions of Russia for the period 1990-2004 is given below.

Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
RUSSIA 1,956,865 1,763,128 1,558,769 1,378,983 1,408,159 1,356,917 1,298,658 1,253,888 1,277,363 1,208,065 1,266,800 1,311,604 1,396,967 1,477,301 1,502,477
CENTRAL 299,000 268,210 283,863 295,316 311,523 328,025 337,281
Belgorod 14,000 12,101 12,307 13,037 13,853 13,795
Bryansk 15,000 11,111 11,094 11,898 12,419 12,481
Ivanovo 11,000 8,592 9,149 9,607 10,064 10,067
Kaluga 12,839 11,437 9,996 8,659 8,924 8,643 7,968 7,937 8,112 7,571 7,861 8,409 8,744 9,050 9,431
Kostroma 7,000 6,167 6,529 6,933 6,946 7,191
Kursk 12,000 10,451 10,506 10,489 10,771 10,836
Lipetsk 14,932 13,341 12,045 10,783 11,001 10,468 9,885 9,510 9,669 9,061 9,602 9,798 10,551 10,602 11,012
Moscow (city) 94,467 82,207 68,567 62,322 66,769 69,168 68,549 67,461 67,491 66,954 73,142 75,977 81,525 86,958 91,677
Moscow (oblast) 68,369 59,775 51,490 46,293 47,900 47,507 46,263 44,224 45,790 44,356 47,660 51,127 54,198 58,048 60,204
Oryol 8,000 6,931 7,037 7,441 7,609 7,726
Ryazan 11,000 8,876 9,215 9,581 10,136 10,222
Smolensk 13,741 12,336 10,733 9,547 9,940 9,378 8,876 8,179 8,084 7,408 7,651 8,148 8,613 9,021 9,075
Tambov 15,396 13,858 12,580 11,534 11,666 10,979 10,405 9,689 9,743 9,189 9,719 9,388 9,614 9,940 9,987
Tula 18,883 16,677 15,055 14,047 13,906 13,282 12,492 12,069 12,436 11,389 11,845 12,326 12,479 13,173 12,963
Tver 19,220 16,946 14,415 12,828 12,746 12,366 11,918 11,663 12,048 11,329 11,546 11,994 12,893 13,396 13,616
Vladimir 13,000 11,918 12,585 13,125 14,020 14,030
Voronezh 21,000 18,519 18,469 19,043 19,723 20,269
Yaroslavl 11,000 10,171 11,258 11,752 12,296 12,699
FAR EAST 83,000 64,493 66,792 70,323 74,214 77,226 78,868
Amur 17,087 15,026 12,880 10,944 11,112 10,533 10,171 9,617 9,931 9,312 9,433 9,995 10,468 11,097 11,020
Chukotka 1,000 686 719 653 679 787
Yevreyskaya 3,000 1,883 2,088 2,166 2,290 2,268
Kamchatka 4,000 3,426 3,466 3,876 3,836 3,938
Of which Koryak 289 298 310 268 339
Khabarovsk 16,000 12,400 13,615 14,453 15,392 16,049
Magadan 3,000 1,925 1,928 1,997 2,016 2,032
Primorsky 33,614 29,783 25,052 22,130 22,757 21,235 19,467 18,486 18,277 17,525 18,393 19,656 20,816 21,531 21,598
Sakha 17,000 13,147 13,262 13,887 14,224 14,716
Sakhalin 6,000 5,210 5,296 5,588 5,893 6,121
NORTHWEST 118,000 103,872 110,347 116,678 125,903 131,066 132,456
Arkhangelsk 14,000 12,150 13,090 13,934 14,269 14,361
Of which Nenets 541 598 606 665 595
Kaliningrad 8,000 7,573 7,630 8,464 8,844 8,654
Karelia 7,000 6,374 6,833 7,247 7,290 7,320
Komi 16,930 15,589 13,880 12,158 11,835 11,105 10,900 10,388 10,793 9,680 9,906 10,325 11,177 11,462 11,489
Leningrad 18,310 16,351 14,452 11,886 12,339 12,115 11,524 11,613 11,519 10,872 11,307 12,071 12,950 13,332 13,692
Murmansk 8,000 8,020 8,289 8,778 8,719 8,928
Novgorod 6,000 5,365 5,796 6,235 6,354 6,438
Pskov 7,000 5,795 6,232 6,500 6,769 6,733
Saint Petersburg 54,322 46,570 37,796 32,336 34,563 33,841 31,551 31,482 31,235 29,438 31,970 33,759 37,213 40,194 40,859
Vologda 12,000 11,346 12,055 12,799 13,168 13,387
SIBERIA 213,000 189,490 201,734 209,142 223,939 233,301 234,694
Altai 3,000 2,907 3,033 3,252 3,392 3,513
Altai (kray) 34,176 31,142 27,836 24,371 24,642 23,338 22,616 22,514 23,424 23,208 24,674 25,221 26,889 28,010 27,736
Buryatia 12,000 11,654 11,678 12,830 13,177 13,399
Chita 16,000 13,937 14,613 15,157 15,481 15,756
OW Agin 1,098 1,171 1,197 1,229 1,222
Irkutsk 31,000 28,062 29,286 30,454 31,559 31,683
OW Ust-Orda 1,932 1,986 2,011 1,986 2,058
Kemerovo 28,000 26,580 27,699 29,369 30,383 30,542
Khakassia 6,000 5,634 5,576 6,118 6,417 6,453
Krasnoyarsk 43,640 39,608 34,629 30,417 32,107 30,596 29,309 28,023 29,026 27,168 28,111 29,788 31,710 32,670 32,765
OW Evenk 242 274 263 274 267
OW Taymyr 460 562 608 625 637
Novosibirsk 36,116 33,124 28,516 24,268 24,042 23,486 22,824 22,785 22,564 21,688 23,138 24,791 26,990 28,389 28,993
Omsk 23,000 18,363 18,235 20,406 22,363 21,928
Tomsk 13,550 11,751 10,246 8,689 8,676 9,853 9,725 9,532 10,078 9,698 10,071 10,237 10,958 11,070 11,615
Tuva 6,000 4,871 4,992 5,727 6,276 6,127
SOUTHERN 234,000 204,863 213,913 219,236 231,408 265,897 270,126
Adygeya 5,000 4,071 4,212 4,540 4,634 4,648
Astrakhan 10,000 10,027 10,549 11,623 12,160 12,358
Chechnya 27,774 28,496
Dagestan 42,000 38,229 38,480 41,204 41,490 41,573
Ingushetia 8,463 8,753 7,578 7,059 6,794
Kabardino-Balkar 15,412 14,952 13,728 11,781 11,407 10,844 10,293 10,016 9,997 9,221 9,207 8,892 9,119 9,294 9,414
Kalmykia 5,000 3,473 3,530 3,729 3,874 3,923
Karachay–Cherkessia 6,000 4,666 4,778 4,927 5,088 5,190
Krasnodar 61,663 58,901 55,441 50,227 51,907 50,489 47,530 45,143 44,958 43,181 45,847 48,448 50,971 53,311 54,989
North Ossetia 8,000 7,179 7,317 7,874 7,978 7,893
Rostov 54,021 50,987 47,000 41,602 42,457 40,676 38,807 36,723 36,163 33,396 35,606 36,336 38,799 40,453 41,374
Stavropol 36,374 34,446 33,181 28,628 29,699 28,404 26,085 25,622 25,681 24,005 24,799 24,934 26,384 27,759 27,970
Volgograd 34,153 31,566 28,359 25,555 25,572 24,439 23,147 22,122 22,649 21,298 22,346 23,007 24,660 25,023 25,504
URALS 117,000 111,119 136,541 145,349 158,094 163,368 167,523
Chelyabinsk 48,599 43,196 38,236 32,738 33,458 33,161 31,958 31,282 32,712 30,989 32,355 33,779 36,624 37,405 37,991
Kurgan 16,069 14,644 13,034 10,936 11,061 10,051 9,537 9,147 9,991 9,925 10,146 9,959 10,672 10,357 10,723
Sverdlovsk 40,000 38,372 40,970 44,663 46,340 47,430
Tyumen 33,000 34,250 37,123 40,449 42,220 43,738
OW Khanty–Mansi 15,579 17,130 19,051 19,883 20,377
OW Yamalo-Nenets 5,839 6,388 6,635 7,163 7,264
VOLGA 317,000 272,642 281,242 285,577 304,267 312,186 315,907
Bashkortostan 47,000 41,642 42,793 45,481 45,583 45,733
Chuvash 21,116 19,113 16,673 14,410 14,498 13,842 13,542 12,822 13,300 12,129 12,363 11,986 12,956 13,171 13,734
Kirov 14,000 12,587 12,607 13,580 13,546 14,120
Mari El 8,000 6,784 6,832 7,300 7,515 7,715
Mordvinia 9,000 7,148 7,049 7,131 7,433 7,689
Nizhniy Novgorod 42,786 37,173 33,669 29,675 30,986 29,881 28,655 27,976 28,480 27,006 27,699 28,187 28,585 31,442 31,578
Orenburg 33,311 30,177 27,494 24,148 24,458 22,833 21,449 20,890 21,951 20,154 21,475 21,861 23,500 23,442 23,583
Penza 18,604 16,829 14,963 13,772 13,500 12,817 11,999 11,517 11,568 11,034 11,172 11,080 11,645 12,150 12,246
Perm 42,183 37,135 33,600 29,461 29,147 27,727 27,615 26,970 28,362 26,991 27,701 29,094 31,205 31,683 31,608
OW Permyatski 1,652 1,610 1,700 1,675 1,619
Samara 30,000 25,791 26,635 29,967 31,688 32,390
Saratov 36,249 32,543 28,545 24,828 25,659 24,356 22,514 21,547 22,008 21,414 21,979 21,945 23,139 24,144 24,741
Tatarstan 56,277 50,160 44,990 41,144 41,811 39,070 38,080 37,268 37,182 35,073 35,446 35,877 38,178 38,461 38,661
Udmurtia 24,345 22,213 20,074 17,126 16,874 15,484 14,877 15,368 16,130 15,793 16,256 16,636 17,746 17,982 18,238
Ulyanovsk 14,000 11,547 11,385 12,154 12,271 12,252

Read more about Total Fertility Rates By Federal Subjects Of Russia:  TFR By Ethnic Groups, Natural Growth By Federal Subjects in 2007

Famous quotes containing the words total, fertility, rates, federal, subjects and/or russia:

    “I only know that a rook
    Ordering its black feathers can so shine
    As to seize me senses, haul
    My eyelids up, and grant

    A brief respite from fear
    Of total neutrality.”
    —Sylvia Plath (1932–1963)

    “I will go root away
    The noisome weeds which without profit suck
    The soil’s fertility from wholesome flowers.”
    —William Shakespeare (1564–1616)

    “[The] elderly and timid single gentleman in Paris ... never drove down the Champs Elysees without expecting an accident, and commonly witnessing one; or found himself in the neighborhood of an official without calculating the chances of a bomb. So long as the rates of progress held good, these bombs would double in force and number every ten years.”
    —Henry Brooks Adams (1838–1918)

    “The proposed Constitution ... is, in strictness, neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both.”
    —James Madison (1751–1836)

    “Despite the hundreds of attempts, police terror and the concentration camps have proved to be more or less impossible subjects for the artist; since what happened to them was beyond the imagination, it was therefore also beyond art and all those human values on which art is traditionally based.”
    —A. Alvarez (b. 1929)

    “To believe that Russia has got rid of the evils of capitalism takes a special kind of mind. It is the same kind of mind that believes that a Holy Roller has got rid of sin.”
    —H.L. (Henry Lewis)