Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
Note that this list is mainly about the development of knowledge, but also about some supernovae taking place. For a separate list of the latter, see the article List of supernovae. All dates refer to when the supernova was observed on Earth or would have been observed on Earth had powerful enough telescopes existed at the time.
- 185 – Chinese astronomers become the first to record observations of a supernova, the SN 185,
- 1006 – Ali ibn Ridwan and Chinese astronomers observe the brightest (magnitude −7.5) recorded supernova, SN 1006, which is observed in the constellation of Lupus,
- 1054 – Chinese, American Indian and Arab astronomers observe the SN 1054, the Crab Nebula supernova explosion,
- 1181 – Chinese astronomers observe the SN 1181 supernova,
- 1572 – Tycho Brahe discovers a supernova (SN 1572) in the constellation Cassiopeia,
- 1604 – Johannes Kepler's supernova, SN 1604, in Serpens is observed,
- 1862 – Alvan Clark observes Sirius B,
- 1866 – William Huggins studies the spectrum of a nova and discovers that it is surrounded by a cloud of hydrogen,
- 1885 – A supernova, S Andromedae, is observed in the Andromeda Galaxy leading to recognition of supernovae as a distinct class of novae,
- 1910 – the spectrum of 40 Eridani B is observed, making it the first confirmed white dwarf,
- 1914 – Walter Sydney Adams determines an incredibly high density for Sirius B,
- 1926 – Ralph Fowler uses Fermi-Dirac statistics to explain white dwarf stars,
- 1930 – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar discovers the white dwarf maximum mass limit,
- 1933 – Fritz Zwicky and Walter Baade propose the neutron star idea and suggest that supernovae might be created by the collapse of normal stars to neutron stars—they also point out that such events can explain the cosmic ray background,
- 1939 – Robert Oppenheimer and George Volkoff calculate the first neutron star models,
- 1942 – J.J.L. Duyvendak, Nicholas Mayall, and Jan Oort deduce that the Crab Nebula is a remnant of the 1054 supernova observed by Chinese astronomers,
- 1958 – Evry Schatzman, Kent Harrison, Masami Wakano, and John Wheeler show that white dwarfs are unstable to inverse beta decay,
- 1962 – Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, Frank Paolini, and Bruno Rossi discover Scorpius X-1,
- 1967 – Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish discover radio pulses from a pulsar,
- 1967 – J.R. Harries, Kenneth G. McCracken, R.J. Francey, and A.G. Fenton discover the first X-ray transient (Cen X-2),
- 1968 – Thomas Gold proposes that pulsars are rotating neutron stars,
- 1969 – David Staelin, E.C. Reifenstein, William Cocke, Mike Disney, and Donald Taylor discover the Crab Nebula pulsar thus connecting supernovae, neutron stars, and pulsars,
- 1971 – Riccardo Giacconi, Herbert Gursky, Ed Kellogg, R. Levinson, E. Schreier, and H. Tananbaum discover 4.8 second X-ray pulsations from Centaurus X-3,
- 1974 – Russell Hulse and Joseph Taylor discover the binary pulsar PSR B1913+16,
- 1977 – Kip Thorne and Anna Żytkow present a detailed analysis of Thorne-Żytkow objects,
- 1982 – Donald Backer, Shrinivas Kulkarni, Carl Heiles, Michael Davis, and Miller Goss discover the millisecond pulsar PSR B1937+214,
- 1985 – Michiel van der Klis discovers 30 Hz quasi-periodic oscillations in GX 5-1,
- 1987 – Ian Shelton discovers SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud ...
- 2006 – Robert Quimby and P. Mondol discover SN 2006gy (a possible hypernova) in NGC 1260.
White dwarf
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Formation |
- Chandrasekhar limit
- PG 1159 star
- Stellar evolution
- Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
- Mira variable
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Fate |
- Black dwarf
- Type Ia supernova
- Neutron star
- Pulsar
- Magnetar
- Related links
- Stellar black hole
- Compact star
- Extreme helium star
- Subdwarf B star
- Helium planet
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In binary systems |
- Nova
- Dwarf nova
- Symbiotic nova
- Cataclysmic variable star
- AM CVn star
- Polar
- Intermediate polar
- X-ray binary
- Binary pulsar
- Helium flash
- Carbon detonation
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Properties |
- Pulsating
- Urca process
- Electron-degenerate matter
- Quasi-periodic oscillations
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Related |
- Planetary nebula
- RAMBOs
- White dwarf luminosity function
- Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
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Notable |
- Van Maanen's star
- Sirius B
- Procyon B
- 40 Eridani B
- BPM 37093
- HL Tau 76
- RS Ophiuchi
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Neutron star
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Types |
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Single pulsars |
- Rotation-powered
- Magnetar
- Soft gamma repeater
- Anomalous X-ray
- Rotating radio transient
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Binary pulsars |
- Binary
- X-ray
- X-ray binary
- X-ray burster
- List
- Millisecond
- Be/X-ray
- Spin-up
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Properties |
- Neutron-star oscillation
- Neutronium
- Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff limit
- Rp-process
- Gamma-ray burst
- Optical
- Timing noise
- Relativistic
- Glitch
- Pulsar kicks
- Bondi accretion
- Quasi-periodic oscillations
- Urca process
- Starquake
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Related |
- Compact star
- Supernova
- Supernova remnant
- Related links
- Hypernova
- Quark nova
- White dwarf
- Stellar black hole
- Radio star
- Pulsar planet
- Pulsar wind nebula
- Thorne–Żytkow object
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Discovery |
- LGM-1
- Centaurus X-3
- Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
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Satellite Investigation of |
- Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer
- Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
- Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
- Chandra X-ray Observatory
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Other |
- X-ray pulsar based navigation
- Tempo software program
- Astropulse
- The Magnificent Seven
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Supernovae
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Classes |
- Type Ia
- Type Ib and Ic
- Type II (IIP and IIL)
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Related |
- Near-Earth supernova
- Supernova impostor
- Hypernova
- Quark-nova
- Pulsar kicks
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Structure |
- Pair-instability supernova
- Supernova nucleosynthesis
- P-process
- R-process
- Gamma-ray burst
- Carbon detonation
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Progenitors |
- Luminous blue variable
- Wolf–Rayet star
- Supergiant
- Hypergiant
- White dwarf
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Remnants |
- Supernova remnant
- Neutron star
- Pulsar
- Magnetar
- Related links
- Stellar black hole
- Compact star
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Discovery |
- Guest star
- History of supernova observation
- Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
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Lists |
- Notable supernovae
- Supernova remnants
- Candidates
- Massive stars
- In fiction
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Notable |
- Crab
- Tycho's
- Kepler's
- SN 1987A
- SN 185
- SN 1006
- SN 2003fg
- Vela Remnant
- Remnant G1.9+0.3
- SN 2007bi
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Research |
- Supernova Cosmology Project
- High-z Supernova Search Team
- Texas Supernova Search
- Nearby Supernova Factory
- Supernova Legacy Survey
- Supernova Early Warning System
- Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey
- Supernova/Acceleration Probe
- Sloan Supernova Survey
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