1st Century BC
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| 97 | The General Quintus Sertorius serves in Iberia for the first time. | |
| 96 | Publius Licinius Crassus Dives (father of Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives) Governor of Hispania Ulterior, leads a military expedition to the Northwest and finds the source mines of Tin. (to 94 ) | |
| 83 | Quintus Sertorius goes to Iberia for a second time, where he represented the Marian party (of Gaius Marius) against Lucius Cornelius Sulla in the Roman Republican civil wars. | |
| Quintus Sertorius Hispanic revolt, where he is joined by the Lusitanians. (to 72 ) | ||
| 81 | Generalized Roman Republican war in all of Iberia. | |
| 80 | Battle of the Baetis River, where rebel forces under Quintus Sertorius defeat the legal Roman forces of Lucius Fulfidias, governor of Hispania Ulterior. | |
| Quintus Sertorius' second in command, Hirtuleius, defeats the governor of Hispania Citerior. | ||
| 79 | Quintus Sertorius' armies control most of Hispania Ulterior and parts of Hispania Citerior. | |
| The appointed governor of Hispania Ulterior, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, attacks the positions of Quintus Sertorius' armies, namely the city of Lacobriga (probably Lagos in the Algarve), but is unable to take it. | ||
| 77 | Quintus Sertorius is joined by the General Marcus Perperna Vento from Rome, with a following of Roman nobles. | |
| Quintus Sertorius defeats the generals Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius at the Battle of Saguntum. | ||
| In this period Quintus Sertorius, through pacts of hospitability and clientele, establishes strong solidarity with local indigenous populations. | ||
| Quintus Sertorius founds a Roman school for the children of its local allies in Lusitania. | ||
| 76 | Quintus Sertorius defeats Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus near the Pyrenees. | |
| In Baetica, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius defeats Hirtuleius, who is obliged to flee. | ||
| 75 | Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius again defeats Hirtuleius and is able to join his armies with those of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. | |
| Battle of the Sucro where Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Lucius Afranius defeat Quintus Sertorius. | ||
| 74 | Probable expedition to Cale (in Gallaecia, near the modern city of Porto?) promoted by Marcus Perperna Vento. | |
| 73 | Quintus Sertorius loses all the region of Celtiberia (north central Iberia). | |
| 72 | Quintus Sertorius is assassinated at a banquet, Marcus Perperna Vento, it seems, being the chief instigator of the deed due to his grudge against the privileges of non-Roman military commanders. | |
| Marcus Perperna Vento assumes the command of Quintus Sertorius' armies, but is swiftly defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus. This marks the end of the Sertorian War. | ||
| Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius pacifies and submits Hispania Ulterior. The regions north of the Tagus river are still not effectively occupied by the Roman Republic. | ||
| 69 | Julius Caesar was elected Quaestor by the Assembly of the Roman People, at the age of 30, as stipulated in the Roman Cursus honorum, having been assigned with a quaestorship in Lusitania (part of Hispania Ulterior, whose governor was then Antistius Vetus). | |
| 61 | Julius Caesar is assigned to serve as the Propraetor governor of Hispania Ulterior. | |
| Julius Caesar attacks the Lusitanian areas between the Tagus and the Douro rivers, from his headquarters in Scallabis (modern Santarém). | ||
| Julius Caesar personally conducts an important naval expedition to the shores of Gallaecia. | ||
| 60 | Julius Caesar wins considerable victories over the Gallaecians and Lusitanians. During one of his victories, his men hailed him as Imperator in the field, which was a vital consideration in being eligible for a triumph back in Rome. | |
| 59 | Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus make an agreement by which they establish the First Triumvirate. | |
| 56 | The agreement establishing the First Triumvirate is renewed. | |
| 53 | Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives dies in Parthia. | |
| Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus is granted Hispania as a Proconsulular Province. | ||
| Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus delivers the rule of the two Roman provinces of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior to his lieutenants Marcus Terentius Varro and Marcus Petreius, respectively. | ||
| Marcus Petreius commands two Roman legions in Lusitania, between the frontier areas of the Lusitanians and the Vettones (at the edge of Roman effective control). | ||
| 50 | Open hostility between Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, the first favouring the Populares and the second the Optimates in their struggle for power. | |
| Julius Caesar is asked by the Roman Senate to give up his troops, but he refuses. | ||
| 49 | Julius Caesar goes into Hispania and defeats the legions of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus' legates, Marcus Terentius Varro, Marcus Petreius and Lucius Afranius, leaving Gaius Cassius Longinus as legate and facing growing difficulties in maintaining local populations obedient to Rome. | |
| 1 January | The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate rejects Julius Caesar's final peace proposal and declares him a Public Enemy. | |
| 10 January | Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, pronouncing the famous phrase Alea iacta est ("The die has been cast"). Beginning of the Roman Civil War. | |
| 48 | Julius Caesar is elected Dictator, but only serves the office for 11 days. | |
| Julius Caesar is named Consul for a period of five years. | ||
| Gaius Cassius Longinus, Caesar's legate in Hispania, leads a campaign against the city of Medobrega and other regions of northern Lusitania, where he installs military garrisons that face a lot of local resistance. | ||
| 29 September | Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus is assassinated. | |
| 46 | Julius Caesar proceeds to North Africa where he defeats the remnants of Pompey's Senatorial supporters (the Optimates) under Marcus Porcius Cato Uticencis. | |
| Julius Caesar is again elected Dictator and introduces the Julian Calendar. | ||
| Pompey's sons Gnaeus Pompeius and Sextus Pompeius, together with Titus Labienus, Caesar's former propraetorian legate (legatus propraetore) and second in command in the Gallic War, escaped to Hispania, where they continued to resist Caesar's dominance of the Roman world. | ||
| November, Julius Caesar arrives in Hispania with eight legions and 8,000 cavalry of his own. Caesar's arrival was completely unexpected by the enemy, and the surprise gave him an early advantage. | ||
| Gaius Octavianus and Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa join Julius Caesar in Hispania, where the Civil War continues. | ||
| 45 | Battle of Munda, in southern Hispania, where, in his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius. | |
| Sextus Pompeius, departing from his garrison at Corduba (in Baetica), roams Hispania Ulterior fighting against its governor (appointed by Julius Caesar), before fleeing for Sicily. End of the Roman Civil War. | ||
| Julius Caesar, before going back to Rome, leaves his legate governors with the mission of pacifying Hispania and punish the local tribes for their disloyalty. Once again resistance grows and the Romans will have to deal with small local uprising in the years to come. | ||
| Julius Caesar adopts Gaius Octavianus who becomes Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. | ||
| Julius Caesar returns to Rome victorious and is Named Pater Patriae and Dictator (3rd time) by the Roman Senate. | ||
| Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus is deified by the Roman Senate through the request of Julius Caesar. | ||
| 44 | Julius Caesar is appointed dictator in perpetuity (dictator perpetuo). | |
| Ides of March: Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators. Beginning of the end of Roman Republic period and establishment of Roman Empire. | ||
| February | Julius Caesar refuses the diadem offered by Marcus Antonius, thus demonstrating that he did not intend to assume the throne as King of Rome. | |
| 42 | Julius Caesar is formally deified as "the Divine Julius" (Divus Julius). | |
| 39 | Several Roman governor of Hispania Ulterior celebrate Roman triumphs in Rome for their victories in submitting the rebellious local tribes and nations. (to 29 ) | |
| 28 | Augustus' military campaigns pacificate all Hispania under Roman rule. (to 24 ) | |
| Foundation of the Roman cities of Asturica Augusta (Astorga) and Bracara Augusta (Braga), to the north, and, to the south, Emerita Augusta (Mérida) (settled with the emeriti of the 5th and 10th legions). (to 24 ) | ||
| 27 | The Roman general and politician Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divides all Hispania into 3 parts, Lusitania, Baetica and Tarraconensis. | |
| The emperor Augustus returns to Hispania and makes a new administrative division, creating the province of Hispania Ulterior Lusitania, whose capital was to be Emerita Augusta (currently Mérida). Originally Lusitania included the territories of Asturias and Gallaecia, but these were later ceded to the jurisdiction of Provincia Tarraconensis and the former remained as Provincia Lusitania et Vettones. | ||
| 16 January | Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus becomes Roman Emperor as Caesar Augustus. Definitive end of the Roman Republic and establishment of the Roman Empire. | |
| 23 | The emperor Augustus establishes the Principate and the Pax Romana. |
Read more about this topic: Timeline Of Portuguese History
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