Timeline of Low-temperature Technology - 19th Century

19th Century

• 1802 – John Dalton wrote "the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind, into liquids"
• 1802 – Gay-Lussac's law (Gas law, relating temperature and pressure).
• 1803 – Domestic ice box
• 1803 – Thomas Moore of Baltimore, Md. received a patent on refrigeration.
• 1805 – Oliver Evans designed the first closed circuit refrigeration machine based on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.
• 1809 – Jacob Perkins patented the first refrigerating machine
• 1810 – John Leslie freezes water to ice by using an airpump.
• 1811 – Avogadro's law a gas law
• 1823 – Michael Faraday liquified ammonia to cause cooling
• 1824 – Sadi Carnot– the Carnot Cycle
• 1834 – Ideal gas law
• 1834 – Jacob Perkins obtained the first patent for a vapor-compression refrigeration system.
• 1834 – Jean-Charles Peltier discovers the Peltier effect
• 1844 – Charles Piazzi Smyth proposes comfort cooling
• c.1850 – Michael Faraday makes a hypothesis that freezing substances increases their dielectric constant.
• 1851 – John Gorrie patented his mechanical refrigeration machine in the US to make ice to cool the air
• 1856 – James Harrison patented an ether liquid-vapour compression refrigeration system and developed the first practical ice-making and refrigeration room for use in the brewing and meat-packing industries of Geelong, Victoria.
• 1857 – Carl Wilhelm Siemens, the Siemens cycle
• 1858 – Julius Plücker observed for the first time some pumping effect due to electrical discharge.
• 1859 – Ferdinand Carré – The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as "aqua ammonia")
• 1862 – Alexander Carnegie Kirk invents the Air cycle machine
• 1864 – Charles Tellier patented a refrigeration system using dimethyl ether
• 1869 – Charles Tellier installed a cold storage plant in France.
• 1871 – Carl von Linde built his first ammonia compression machine.
• 1876 – Carl von Linde patented equipment to liquefy air using the Joule Thomson expansion process and regenerative cooling
• 1877 – Raoul Pictet and Louis Paul Cailletet, working separately, develop two methods to liquefy oxygen.
• 1879 – Bell-Coleman machine
• 1880 – carbonic acid compression machine
• 1882 – William Soltau Davidson fitted a compression refrigeration unit to the New Zealand vessel Dunedin
• 1883 – Zygmunt Wróblewski condenses experimentally useful quantities of liquid oxygen
• 1885 – Zygmunt Wróblewski published hydrogen's critical temperature as 33 K; critical pressure, 13.3 atmospheres; and boiling point, 23 K.
• 1888 – Loftus Perkins develops the "Arktos" cold chamber for preserving food, using an early ammonia absortion system.
• 1892 – James Dewar invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass Dewar flask
• 1895 – Carl von Linde files for patent protection of the Hampson–Linde cycle for liquefaction of atmospheric air or other gases (approved in 1903).
• 1898 – James Dewar condenses liquid hydrogen by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask.