17th Century
- 1650 – Otto von Guericke designed and built the world's first vacuum pump and created the world's first ever vacuum known as the Magdeburg hemispheres to disprove Aristotle's long-held supposition that 'Nature abhors a vacuum'.
- 1656 – Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke built an air pump on this design.
- 1662 – Boyle's law (gas law relating pressure and volume) is demonstrated using a vacuum pump
- 1665 – Boyle theorizes a minimum temperature in New Experiments and Observations touching Cold.
- 1679 – Denis Papin – safety valve
Read more about this topic: Timeline Of Low-temperature Technology
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