List of Other Vassal Themes and Autonomous Principalities
| Theme | Notes |
|---|---|
| Duchy of Amalfi (Doukàton Amàlfes, Δουκάτον της Αμάλφης) |
was originally part of the larger Duchy of Naples, governed by a patrician, but it extracted itself from Byzantine vassalage and first elected a duke in 958. |
| Ani (thema Anēs, Θέμα Άνης) |
established around 1040 as an autonomous Armenian vassal. |
| Duchy of Antiocheia (Doukàton Antiocheias, Δουκάτον της Αντιοχείας) |
in 969, Antiocheia was recovered for the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas by Michael Bourtzes and Peter the Eunuch. It soon became the seat of a doux (duchy), who commanded the forces of the local themes and was the most important officer on the Empire's eastern border. |
| Beroea (thema Bēroias, Θέμα Βεροίας) |
established in 969 as an autonomous imperial vassal until the Byzantine-Seljuk Wars. |
| Cilicia (thema Kilikias, Θέμα Κιλικίας) |
established in 965 from the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, as part of the Duchy of Antiocheia. |
| Kingdom of Croatia (Basēlion Kroatias, Βασίλειον της Κροατίας) |
the Kingdom of Croatia has been for centuries under Byzantine influence; King Stjepan Držislav (969–997) received a royal insignia as an act of recognition from the Byzantine Emperor. During the reign of Krešimir IV (1058–1074), the medieval Croatian kingdom reached its territorial peak (modern Croatia and Bosnia) and he managed to get the Byzantine Empire to confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities. |
| Doliche (thema Dolichēs, Θέμα Δολίχης) |
established between 950-965 as part of the Duchy of Antiocheia. |
| Duchy of Gaeta (Doukàton Kaiētēs, Δουκάτον της Καιέτης) |
it began in the early 9th century as the local community began to grow autonomous as Byzantine power lagged in the Mediterranean and the peninsula thanks to Lombard and Saracen incursions. |
| Istria (Ίστρια) |
the coastal areas and cities of Istria came under Byzantine and Venetian control from the 3rd to the 12th century. |
| Kars (thema Kàrsou, Θέμα Κάρσου) |
established in 963 when the Bagratuni Armenian capital was transferred to Ani; Kars became the capital of a separate autonomous vassal of the Byzantine Empire. |
| Liguria (Λιγουρία) |
between the 4th and the 10th centuries Liguria was part of the Exarchate of Ravenna |
| Duchy of Naples (Doukàton Neapōleōs, Δουκάτον της Νεαπόλεως) |
began as a Byzantine province that was constituted in the 7th century, in the reduced coastal lands that the Lombards had not conquered during their invasion of Italy in the 6th century. It was governed by a military commander (dux), and rapidly became a de facto independent state, lasting more than five centuries during the Early and High Middle Ages. |
| Duchy of Pentapolis (Doukàton Pentapōleōs, Δουκάτον της Πενταπόλεως) |
a Byzantine territory in Central Italy, ruled by a duke (dux) appointed by and under the authority of the Praetorian Prefect of Italy (554–584) and then the Exarch of Ravenna (584–751). The Pentapolis (from the Greek term πεντάπολις, "five cities") consisted of the cities of Ancona, Fano, Pesaro, Rimini and Sinigaglia. |
| Duchy of Perugia (Doukàton Perousias, Δουκάτον της Περουσίας) |
was a duchy in the Italian part of the Byzantine Empire. Its civil and military administration was overseen by a duke (dux) appointed by and under the authority originally of the Praetorian Prefect of Italy (554–584) and later of the Exarch of Ravenna (584–751). |
| Duchy of Rome (Doukàton Rōmēs, Δουκάτον της Ρώμης) |
was a Byzantine district in the Exarchate of Ravenna. Like other Byzantine states in Italy, it was ruled by an imperial functionary with the title dux. These were often in conflict with the Papacy for the supreme power in Rome. While the Bishops of Rome (Popes) remained de jure Byzantine subjects, in practice the Duchy of Rome became an independent state ruled by the Church (from 754 Papal States). |
| Principality of Salerno (Archontàto Salērnou, Αρχοντάτο του Σαλέρνου) |
the Principality of Salerno through its origins, it owed allegiance to the Carolingian Empire, but throughout its history it was practically independent and for brief periods (from 1018) even entered into the vassalage of the Byzantine Empire. |
| Duchy of Spoleto (Doukàton Spoletiou, Δουκάτον του Σπολετίου) |
was part of the Byzantine Duchy of Naples in the Dark Ages, but in the 9th century, along with Amalfi and Gaeta, it broke away from the Neapolitans to found its own ducatus (or republic). However, it mostly remained under Byzantine, and later, under Amalfi's control. |
| Taron (thema Tarōnos, Θέμα Ταρώνος) |
the historic Armenian province became a Byzantine theme in mid-11th century. |
| Tartus (thema Tartoùs, Θέμα Ταρτούς) |
established ca. 971 as part of the Duchy of Antiocheia. |
| Vasprakania/Media (thema Vasprakanias, Θέμα Βασπρακανίας) |
in 1021 the Armenian Vaspurakan Kingdom became part of the Byzantine Empire and in 1050 was merged with the Theme of Taron to create the vassal Duchy of Vaspurakan; was conquered by the Saljuq Turks between 1054-1056. |
| Venice (Doukàton Venetias, Δουκάτον της Βενετίας) |
in 810, an agreement between Charlemagne and Nicephorus recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and recognized the city's trading rights along the Adriatic coast; as the city continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, it led to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence. From the 9th to the 12th century Venice developed into a city state and a naval power. |
Read more about this topic: Theme (Byzantine District)
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