Sylvester's Sequence - Divisibility and Factorizations

Divisibility and Factorizations

If i < j, it follows from the definition that s_j ≡ 1 (mod s_i). Therefore, every two numbers in Sylvester's sequence are relatively prime. The sequence can be used to prove that there are infinitely many prime numbers, as any prime can divide at most one number in the sequence. More strongly, no prime factor of a number in the sequence can be congruent to 5 (mod 6), and the sequence can be used to prove that there are infinitely many primes congruent to 7 (mod 12) (Guy & Nowakowski 1975).

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List of unsolved problems in mathematics

Are all the terms in Sylvester's sequence squarefree?

Much remains unknown about the factorization of the numbers in the Sylvester's sequence. For instance, it is not known if all numbers in the sequence are squarefree, although all the known terms are.

As Vardi (1991) describes, it is easy to determine which Sylvester number (if any) a given prime p divides: simply compute the recurrence defining the numbers modulo p until finding either a number that is congruent to zero (mod p) or finding a repeated modulus. Via this technique he found that 1166 out of the first three million primes are divisors of Sylvester numbers, and that none of these primes has a square that divides a Sylvester number. A general result of Jones (2006) implies that the set of prime factors of Sylvester numbers has density zero in the set of all primes.

The following table shows known factorizations of these numbers, (except the first four, which are all prime):

n	Factors of sn
4	13 × 139
5	3263443, which is prime
6	547 × 607 × 1033 × 31051
7	29881 × 67003 × 9119521 × 6212157481
8	5295435634831 × 31401519357481261 × 77366930214021991992277
9	181 × 1987 × 112374829138729 × 114152531605972711 × 35874380272246624152764569191134894955972560447869169859142453622851
10	2287 × 2271427 × 21430986826194127130578627950810640891005487 × P156
11	73 × C416
12	2589377038614498251653 × 2872413602289671035947763837 × C785
13	52387 × 5020387 × 5783021473 × 401472621488821859737 × 287001545675964617409598279 × C1600
14	13999 × 74203 × 9638659 × 57218683 × 10861631274478494529 × C3293
15	17881 × 97822786011310111 × 54062008753544850522999875710411 × C6618
16	128551 × C13335
17	635263 × 1286773 × 21269959 × C26661
18	50201023123 × 139263586549 × 60466397701555612333765567 × C53313
19	C106721
20	352867 × 6210298470888313 × C213419
21	387347773 × 1620516511 × C426863
22	91798039513 × C853750

As is customary, Pn and Cn denote prime and composite numbers n digits long.