Suppletion - Examples

Examples

Most of the examples below are from Indo-European languages, but suppletion is hardly restricted to these languages. For example, in Georgian, the paradigm for the verb "to come" is composed of four different roots (di- / -val- / -vid- / -sul-). Similarly, in Modern Standard Arabic, the verb jāʾ "come" usually uses the form taʿāl for its imperative, and the plural of marʾah "woman" is nisāʾ (related to nās "people"). Nonetheless, some of the more archaic Indo-European languages are particularly known for suppletion. Ancient Greek, for example, has some 20 verbs with suppletive paradigms, many with 3 separate roots. (See Ancient Greek verbs#Suppletive verbs.)

• In English, the past tense of the verb go is went, which comes from the past tense of the verb wend, archaic in this sense. (The modern past tense of wend is wended.) See Go (verb).
• The Romance languages have a variety of suppletive forms in conjugating the verb "to go", as these first-person singular forms illustrate:

Language	Infinitive	Present	Future	Preterite
Catalan	anar (3)	vaig (1)	aniré (3)	aní (3)
French	aller (3)	vais (1)	irai (2)	allai (3)
Italian	andare (3)	vado (1)	andrò (3)	andai (3)
Portuguese	ir (2)	vou (1)	irei (2)	fui (4)
Spanish	ir (2)	voy (1)	iré (2)	fui (4)

The sources of these are 4 different Latin verbs:

1. vadere "to advance"
2. ire "to go"
3. ambulare "to walk", or in some cases perhaps ambitare "to go around" (Spanish and Portuguese andar "to walk" have the same source)
4. fui suppletive perfective of esse "to be". (The preterites of "to be" and "to go" are identical in Spanish and Portuguese. Compare the English construction "Have you been to France?" which has no simple present form.)

Many of the Romance languages use forms from different verbs in the present tense; for example, French has je vais, "I go" (from vadere) but nous allons "we go" (from ambulare). Galician-Portuguese has a similar example: imos (from ire, "to go") and vamos (from vadere), "we go", the former is somewhat disused in modern Portuguese but very alive in modern Galician, even, ides (from ire), is the only form for "you go (plural)" both in Galician and Portuguese (Spanish vais, from vadere).

• Similarly, the Welsh verb mynd (to go) has a variety of suppletive forms such as af, "I shall go" and euthum, "we went".
• In Albanian there are 14 irregular verbs divided into suppletive and non-suppletive:

Verb	Present	Preterite	Imperfect
Qenë (to be)	jam	qeshë	isha
Ngrënë (to eat)	Ha	hëngra	haja
Ardhur (to come)	vij	erdha	vija
Dhënë (to give)	jap	dhashë	jepja
Parë (to see)	shoh	pashë	shihja

• In Germanic, Romance, Celtic, and Slavic languages, the comparative and superlative of the adjective "good" is suppletive; in many of these languages the adjective "bad" is also suppletive.

good, better, best

Language	Adjective	Etymology	Comparative / superlative	Etymology
English German Dutch Swedish Danish/Norwegian Icelandic	good gut goed god god góður	Proto-Germanic *gōdaz (OE gōd, OHG guot, Old Dutch *guot, and ON góðr), cognate to Sanskrit gadhya "what one clings to"	better / best besser / am besten beter / best bättre / bäst bedre / best betri / bestur	Proto-Germanic *batizô, of which OE betera, cognate to bōt "remedy" and Sanskrit bhadra "fortunate"
French Portuguese Spanish Catalan Italian	bon bom bueno bo buono	Latin bonus, from OL duenos, cognate to Sanskrit duva "reverence"	meilleur melhor mejor millor migliore	Latin melior, cognate to multus "many", Gk mala "very"
Gaelic Irish	math maith	Proto-Celtic *mati-s < PIE *mē-	feàrr fearr	Proto-Celtic *veris < PIE *upo-
Polish Czech Slovak	dobry dobrý dobrý	Proto-Slavic *dobrъ	lepszy / najlepszy lepší / nejlepší lepší / najlepší	PIE *lep- / *lēp- ("behoof", "boot", "good" )
Russian	хороший (khoroshiy)	probably from Proto-Slavic *xorb	лучше / (наи)лучший (luchshe, (nai)luchshiy)	Old Russian лучии, neut. луче, Old Church Slavonic лоучии "more suitable, appropriate"
Croatian Slovene	dobar dober	Proto-Slavic *dobrъ	bolji / najbolji boljši / najboljši	Proto-Slavic *bolьjь ("bigger")

bad, worse, worst

Language	Adjective	Etymology	Comparative/superlative	Etymology
English	bad	unknown	worse / worst	OE wyrsa, cognate to OHG wirsiro
French Portuguese Spanish Catalan Italian	mal† mau malo mal male†	Latin malus	pire pior peor pitjor peggiore	Latin peior, cognate to Sanskrit padyate "he falls"
Gaelic Irish	dona dona	Proto-Celtic *do-gna-vos	miosa measa	Proto-Celtic *missos < PIE *mei- (cf Scottish Gaelic and English prefixes mì- and mis- respectively)
Polish Czech Slovak	zły zlý (špatný) zlý	Proto-Slavic *zel	gorszy / najgorszy horší / nejhorší horší / najhorší	cf. Polish gorszyć (to disgust)
Russian	плохой (plokhoy)	probably Proto-Slavic *polx	хуже / (наи)худший (khuzhe, (nai)khudshiy)	Old Church Slavonic хоудъ, Proto-Slavic *хudъ ("bad", "small")
Croatian	zao	Proto-Slavic *zel	gori / najgori

• Similarly to the Italian noted above, the English adverb form of "good" is the unrelated word "well", from Old English wel, cognate to wyllan "to wish".
• In English, the complicated irregular verb be / is / were has forms from several different roots: be originally comes from the Proto-Indo-European language *bhu-; am, is and are from *es-, and was and were from *wes-. See Indo-European copula. This verb is suppletive in most IE languages, as well as in some non-IE languages such as Finnish.
• An incomplete suppletion in English exists with the plural of person (from the Latin persona). The regular plural persons occurs mainly in legalistic use. The singular of the unrelated noun people (from Latin populus) is more commonly used in place of the plural, e.g. "two people were living on a one-person salary" (note the plural verb). In its original sense of "ethnic group", people is itself a singular noun with regular plural peoples.
• In Russian, the word человек chelovek (man, human being) is suppletive. The strict plural form, человеки cheloveki, is used only in Orthodox Church context. It may have originally been the unattested *человекы *cheloveky. In any case, in modern usage, it has been replaced by люди lyudi, the singular form of which is known in Russian only as a component of compound words (such as простолюдин prostolyudin). This suppletion also exists in Polish (człowiek > ludzie), Czech (člověk > lidé), Serbo-Croatian (čovjek > ljudi), and Slovene (človek > ljudje).
• In Bulgarian, the word човек chovek (man, human being) is suppletive. The strict plural form, човеци chovetsi, is used only in Biblical context. In modern usage it has been replaced by the Greek loan хора khora. The counter form (special form for masculine nouns, used after numerals) is suppletive as well: души dushi (with the accent on the first syllable), e.g. двама, трима души dvama, trima dushi (two, three people). This form has no singular either (a related but different noun is the plural души dushi, singular душа dusha (soul), both with accent on the last syllable).
• In Polish, the plural form of rok ("year") is lata which comes from the plural of lato ("summer"). A similar suppletion occurs in Russian: год god ("year") > лет let (genitive of "years").
• In many Slavic languages, small and great are suppletive:

small, smaller, smallest

Language	Adjective	Comparative / superlative
Polish	mały	mniejszy / najmniejszy
Czech	malý	menší / nejmenší
Russian	маленький (malen'kiy)	меньше/наименьший (men'she / naimen'shiy)

great, greater, greatest

Language	Adjective	Comparative / superlative
Polish	duży	większy / największy
Czech	velký	větší / největší

• In some Slavic languages, a few verbs have imperfective and perfective forms arising from different roots. For example, in Polish:

Verb	Imperfective	Perfective
to take	brać	wziąć
to say	mówić	powiedzieć
to see	widzieć	zobaczyć
to watch	oglądać	obejrzeć
to put	kłaść	położyć
to find	znajdować	znaleźć
to go in/to go out (on foot)	wchodzić / wychodzić	wejść / wyjść
to ride in/to ride out (by car)	wjeżdżać / wyjeżdżać	wjechać / wyjechać

^ *z, przy, w, and wy are prefixes and are not part of the root

• Ancient Greek had a large number of suppletive verbs. (See Ancient Greek verbs#Suppletive verbs.) A few examples, listed by principal parts:

• erkhomai, eîmi/eleusomai, ēlthon, elēlutha, --, -- "go, come".
• legō, eraō (erô) / leksō, eipon / eleksa, eirēka, eirēmai / lelegmai, elekhthēn / errhēthēn "say, speak".
• horaō, opsomai, eidon, heorāka / heōrāka, heōrāmai / ōmmai, ōphthēn "see".
• pherō, oisō, ēnegka / ēnegkon, enēnokha, enēnegmai, ēnekhthēn "carry".
• pōleō, apodōsomai, apedomēn, peprāka, peprāmai, eprāthēn "sell".