Production and Reactions
Spirit of amber was originally obtained from amber by pulverising and distilling it using a sand bath. In the past it was chiefly used externally for rheumatic aches and pains, and internally in inveterate gleets.
Succinic acid is produced by several methods. Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol.
Succinic acid can be converted into fumaric acid by oxidation. The diethyl ester is a substrate in the Stobbe condensation. Dehydration of succinic acid gives succinic anhydride.
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