Details
The solute may incorporate into the solvent crystal lattice substitutionally, by replacing a solvent particle in the lattice, or interstitially, by fitting into the space between solvent particles. Both of these types of solid solution affect the properties of the material by distorting the crystal lattice and disrupting the physical and electrical homogeneity of the solvent material.
Some mixtures will readily form solid solutions over a range of concentrations, while other mixtures will not form solid solutions at all. The propensity for any two substances to form a solid solution is a complicated matter involving the chemical, crystallographic, and quantum properties of the substances in question. Substitutional solid solutions, in accordance with the Hume-Rothery rules, may form if the solute and solvent have:
- Similar atomic radii (15% or less difference)
- Same crystal structure
- Similar electronegativities
- Similar valency
The phase diagram in Fig. 1 displays an alloy of two metals which forms a solid solution at all relative concentrations of the two species. In this case, the pure phase of each element is of the same crystal structure, and the similar properties of the two elements allow for unbiased substitution through the full range of relative concentrations.
Solid solutions have important commercial and industrial applications, as such mixtures often have superior properties to pure materials. Many metal alloys are solid solutions. Even small amounts of solute can affect the electrical and physical properties of the solvent.
The binary phase diagram in Fig. 2 shows the phases of a mixture of two substances in varying concentrations, and . The region labeled "" is a solid solution, with acting as the solute in a matrix of . On the other end of the concentration scale, the region labeled "" is also a solid solution, with acting as the solute in a matrix of . The large solid region in between the and solid solutions, labeled " + ", is not a solid solution. Instead, an examination of the microstructure of a mixture in this range would reveal two phases — solid solution -in- and solid solution -in- would form separate phases, perhaps lamella or grains.
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