Singular Value Decomposition - Example

Example

Consider the 4×5 matrix

M = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 2\\ 0 & 0 & 3 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 4 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{bmatrix}.

A singular value decomposition of this matrix is given by

U = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{bmatrix} ,\; \Sigma = \begin{bmatrix} 4 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 3 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{5} & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{bmatrix} ,\; V^* = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ \sqrt{0.2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sqrt{0.8}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ \sqrt{0.8} & 0 & 0 & 0 & -\sqrt{0.2}\end{bmatrix}.

Notice is zero outside of the diagonal and one diagonal element is zero. Furthermore, because the matrices and are unitary, multiplying by their respective conjugate transposes yields identity matrices, as shown below. In this case, because and are real valued, they each are an orthogonal matrix.

U U^* = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{bmatrix} \equiv I_4

and

V V^* = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & \sqrt{0.2} & 0 & \sqrt{0.8}\\ 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & \sqrt{0.8} & 0 & -\sqrt{0.2} \end{bmatrix} \cdot \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ \sqrt{0.2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sqrt{0.8}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ \sqrt{0.8} & 0 & 0 & 0 & -\sqrt{0.2}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{bmatrix} \equiv I_5.

This particular singular value decomposition is not unique. Choosing such that

V^* = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0\\ \sqrt{0.2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \sqrt{0.8}\\ \sqrt{0.4} & 0 & 0 & \sqrt{0.5} & -\sqrt{0.1}\\ -\sqrt{0.4} & 0 & 0 & \sqrt{0.5} & \sqrt{0.1} \end{bmatrix}

is also a valid singular value decomposition.

Read more about this topic:  Singular Value Decomposition

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