War
In the winter, Huang Taiji himself led Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese Banners and Mongol army of 120,000 to Korea. Instead of battling the forces of Im Gyeong Eop at the Baegma fortress in Uiju, Dodo, leading the vanguard, instead rushed straight to Hanseong to prevent King Injo from evacuating to Ganghwa Island as Korean kings traditionally did.
Failing to escape to the island, the king took refuge at the Namhan Mountain Fortress, which was immediately besieged by the Manchu army. The Korean army in the fortress suffered from scarcity of food and ammunition. While Korean officials had unrealistic debates, Dorgon occupied Ganghwa Island in a day and captured the second son and consorts of King Injo.
As the siege continued, the scarcity of food worsened. Also, the strategic situation worsened, as several attempts by Korean forces from regions to break the siege was foiled and charge from the fortress yielded no success. Ming China attempted to send a minuscule force in support of Joseon in what was merely a token effort, but the force was wiped out in the sea during a storm. This desperate situation forced Injo to make his submission. King Injo yielded up three pro-war officers to Qing, as well as agreeing to the terms of peace:
- Korea submits to the Qing Dynasty.
- Korea has to break her traditional relationship with Ming.
- Korea offers the first and second sons of King Injo, and sons or brothers of ministers as hostages.
- Korea pays tribute to Qing as she has done to Ming.
- Korea will serve for Qing in the war against Ming.
- Korea offers warships to return of Manchu soldiers.
- Both ministers of Korea and Manchu became stuck together as marriage.
- Korea is not allowed to build castles.
- Korea pays tribute amount of quantity after 1639.
Huang Taiji set up a platform in Samjeondo—the upper reach of the Han River. At the top of the platform he accepted King Injo's submission. King Injo kowtowed to Huang Taiji, who allegedly forced Injo to repeat the humiliating ritual many times.
Read more about this topic: Second Manchu Invasion Of Korea
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