Second Manchu Invasion of Korea - Aftermath

Aftermath

Joseon General Im Gyeong Eop, who was in charge of defending the Baegma fortress in Qing-Joseon border, made his way down to Hanseong with his army and ambushed one of the Qing army Divisions making its return home, beheading its general (要槌, nephew of Hong Taiji) in the process. As he was not aware of the surrender at the time, he was let go without any punishment by Hong Taiji who was also greatly impressed by Im's courageous efforts in behalf of his kingdom. Im had actually requested military support from Hanseong in the beginning of the war (which never came) and had planned to invade Mukden himself.

Northern and middle regions of Korea were devastated by war. Although the Manchurian army was strict in discipline, the Mongolian soldiers plundered cities.

In accordance with the terms of surrender, Korea sent troops to attack Pi Island at the mouth of the Yalu River.

Huang Taiji ordered Korea to put up a monument in honor of the so-called excellent virtues of the Manchu Emperor. In 1639 the monument was erected at Samjeondo, where the ceremony of submission had been conducted.

Koreans continued to harbor a defiant attitude, although in private, to the Qing Dynasty while they officially yielded obedience as they considered Manchurians uncivilized barbarians. Korean scholars secretly used Ming era names even after that dynasty's collapse. Many thought that Korea should be the legitimate successor of Ming civilization instead of "barbaric" Qing. Koreans also rebuilt their castles around Seoul and northern region.

King Hyojong, who lived as a hostage for seven years in Mukden and who succeeded Injo, planned a possibly unrealistic expedition to Qing called Bukbeol (북벌, 北伐, Northern expedition) during his ten years on the Korean throne, though the plan died with his death on the eve of the expedition.

Beginning in 1639 and until 1894, the Korean court trained a corps of professional Korean-Manchu translators. These replaced earlier interpreters of Jurchen, who had been trained using the Jurchen script. The official designation was changed from "Jurchen" to "Manchu" in 1667. The first textbooks for this purpose were drawn up by Shin Gye-am, who had also been an interpreter of Jurchen and transliterated old Jurchen textbooks for the purpose.

Until 1894, Korea remained a tributary state of Qing China, even though the influence of Manchus decreased from the late 18th century as the Joseon Dynasty began to prosper once again. Japan forced Qing China after the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) to acknowledge the end of the traditional relationship with Korea, in an attempt to implement their plan to exploit and eventually invade Korea in the early 20th century.