Other
- Rudolf Anderson (1927–1962), U.S. Air Force pilot and first recipient of the Air Force Cross
- Rudolf Hess (1894–1987), Deputy Führer in Nazi Germany
- Rudolf Höss (1900–1947), first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp
- Rudolf Spielmann (1883–1942), Austrian-Jewish chess player
- Rudolf Vrba (1924–2006), Slovak-Canadian professor of pharmacology and Jewish escapee of the Auschwitz concentration camp
- Rudolph Berthold (1891–1920), German World War I air ace
- Rudolph Straeuli (born 1963), South African rugby player and coach
- Rudy Giuliani (born 1944), former mayor of New York City
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