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- Robert Anderson (mathematician) (fl. 1668–1696), English mathematician and silk-weaver
- Robert Anderson (poet) (1770–1833), English poet
- Robert Anderson (inventor) (fl. 1830s), Scottish inventor
- Robert Orville Anderson (1917–2007), American businessman and philanthropist
- Robert Charles Anderson (born 1944), biochemist and genealogist
- Robert Anderson (child murderer) (1966–2006), executed for killing a 5-year-old girl in Texas
- Robert King Anderson (1861–1950), Canadian politician, physician and teacher
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