Robert Aitken may refer to:
- Sir Robert Aitken (university administrator) (1901–1997), New Zealand physician and university administrator
- Robert Aitken (publisher) (1734–1802), American publisher
- Robert Aitken (composer) (born 1939), Canadian flutist and composer
- Robert Aitken (soccer) (born 1904), American soccer player
- Robert Baker Aitken (1917–2010), American teacher of Zen Buddhism
- Robert Grant Aitken (1864–1951), American astronomer
- Robert Hope Moncrieff Aitken (1828–1887), Scottish army officer and recipient of the Victoria Cross
- Robert Ingersoll Aitken (1878–1949), American sculptor
- Robert P. Aitken (1819–1873), American politician
- Robert Aitken (preacher) (1800–1873), Scottish popular preacher
- Roy Aitken (Robert Aitken, born 1958), Scottish footballer