Ribeiroia is a group of trematode parasites (or flatworms) that sequentially infect freshwater snails in the family Planorbidae (ramshorn snails) as first intermediate hosts, fish and larval amphibians as second intermediate hosts, and birds and mammals as definitive hosts (see chapter Life Cycle). In North America, infection by Ribeiroia has been linked to amphibians with limb malformations. The connection between parasitic infection and limb malformations has generated questions about (a) whether parasite-induced malformations in amphibians are increasing (see chapter Evidence for Emergence), and (b) the consequences of such abnormalities for amphibian population conservation (see chapter Parasite-induced Malformations and Amphibian Conservation).
Read more about Ribeiroia: Ribeiroia Taxonomy, Life Cycle, Geographic Distribution, Evidence For Emergence, Factors Influencing Infection, Parasite-induced Malformations and Amphibian Conservation