Proto-Indo-Iranian Language - Subsequent Sound Changes

Subsequent Sound Changes

Among the sound changes from Proto-Indo-Iranian to Indo-Aryan is the loss of the voiced sibilant *z, among those to Iranian is the de-aspiration of the PIE voiced aspirates.

Proto-Indo-European and Indo-Iranian Phonological Correspondences
PIE OInd/VS Av PIE OInd/VS Av
*p > p p *patēr "father" pitā́ "father" pitar- "father"
*b > b b *bel- "strong" lam "strength" -
*bh > bh b *bhréhatēr "brother" bhrā́tār- "brother" brātar- "brother
*t > t t *tuhxóm "thou" tuvám "thou" tvəm "thou"
*d > d d *doru "wood" dā́ru "wood" dāru- "wood"
*dh > dh d *dhohxneha- "grain" dhānā́- "grain" dāna- "grain"
*k̂ > ś s * "ten" śa "ten" dasa "ten"
> j z *ĝónu "knee" jā́nu "knee" zānu- "knee"
*ĝh > h z *ĝhimós "cold" himá- "cold, frost" zəmaka- "winterstorm"
*k > k ~ c x ~ č *kruharós "bloody" krūrá- "bloody" xrūra- "bloody"
*ket "may he run" - tačat̰ "may he run"
*g > g ~ j g ~ ǰ *haéuges- "strength" ójas- "strength" aoǰah "strength"
*haugrós "strong" ugrá- "strong" ugra- "strong"
*gh > gh ~ h g ~ ǰ *dl̥hxghós "long" dīrghá- "long" darəga- "long"
*dlehxghistos "longest" - draǰišta- "longest"
*kw > k ~ c k ~ č *kwós "who" káḥ "who" kō "who"
*kwe "and" ca "and" ́ča "and"
*gw > g ~ j g ~ ǰ *gwou- "cow" gav- "cow" gau- "cow"
*gwih3uós "alive" jīvá- "alive" OPer: ǰīva

- "living"

*gwh > gh ~ h g ~ ǰ *gwhnénti "strike" (pl.) ghnánti "strike" (pl.) -
*gwhénti "strikes" hánti "strikes" ǰainti "strikes"
*s > s s ~ h *septm̥ "seven" saptá "seven" hapta "seven"
*asti "is" asti "is" asti "is"
*i̥ > y y *ugóm "yoke" yuga'm "yoke" yuga- "yoke"
*u̥ > v v *éĝheti "drives, rides" váhati "drives" vazaiti "travels"
*m > m m *méhatēr "mother" mātár- "mother" mātar- "mother"
*n > n n *nos "us" nas "us" nō "us"
*l > l ~ r r *kweleti "moves" carati "moves" caraiti "moves"
*r > r r *bhrehatēr "brother" bhrā́tār- "brother" brātar- "brother
*n̥ > a a *- "un-" a- "un-" a- "un-"
*m̥ > a a *tóm "hundred" s'atám "hundred" satəm "hundred"
*l̥ > ərər *kwos "wolf" vĺ̥ka- "wolf" vəhrka- "wolf"
*r̥ > ərər *d- "heart" hŕ̥d- "heart" zərəd- "heart"
*i > i i *linékwti "leaves" riṇákti "leaves" irinaxti "releases"
*e > a a *dék̂m̥ "ten" dáśa "ten" dasa "ten"
> ā ā *hanr "man" nā "man" nā "man"
*a > a a *haéĝeti "drives" ájati "drives" azaiti "drives"
> ā ā *méhatēr "mother" mātā́ "mother" mātar- "mother"
*o > a ~ ā a ~ ā *ĝómbhos "tooth, peg" jā́mbha- "tooth, tusk" -
*ĝónu "knee" jānu "knee" zānu- "knee"
> ā ā *dhohxneha- "grain" dhānā́- "grain" dāna- "grain"
*u > u u *iugóm "yoke" yugám "yoke" yuga- "yoke"
> ū ū *mū́s "mouse" mū́ṣ- "mouse" NPer mūs "mouse"
*h1 > *h1ésti "is" ásti "is" asti "is"
*h2 > *h2r̥tk̂os "bear" r̥'kṣa- "bear" arəša- "bear"
*h3 > *h3ókws(i) "eye" ákṣi "eye" aši "eye"
*h4 > *h4órĝhis "testicle" - ərəzi- "testicle"
Proto-Indo-Iranian Old Iranian (OP, Av) Old Indic/Vedic Sanskrit
*aĉwa- ("horse") Av, OP aspa aśva
*bʰag- OP baj- (bāji; "tribute") bhag- (bhaga)
*bʰrātr- ("brother") OP brātar bhrātṛ
*bʰūmī ("earth", "land") OP būmi bhūmī
*martya ("mortal, "man") OP martya martya
*māsa ("moon") OP māha māsa
*wāsara ("early") OP vāhara ("spring") vāsara ("morning")
*ṛta ("truth") Av aša, OP arta ṛta
*draugʰ- ("falsehood") Av druj, OP draug- druh-
*sauma "pressed (juice)" Av haoma soma

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