Phonetic Correspondences in Daughter Languages
The correlations among the Indo-European languages are for the most part straightforward, but there are some complications with the velar consonants. The languages divide into two groups, known as the Centum languages and Satem languages, based on the respective words for "hundred" in representative languages of each group (Latin and Avestan, respectively). Each group merges the PIE "plain velars" with one of the other two series, the Centum group merging "palatals" and "plain velars" while the Satem group merges labiovelars and "plain velars", removing the labialization in the process. The Satem group furthermore converts the "palatal" series into sibilant-type sounds. The following table summarizes the outcomes in the various daughters:
| PIE | *ḱ | *ǵ | *ǵʰ | *kʷ | *gʷ | *gʷʰ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | k | g | g | kw, p | b | gw |
| Italic | k | g | g, h | kw, p | gw, v, b | f, v |
| Venetic | k | g | h | kw | ? | ? |
| Hellenic | k | g | kh | p, t, k | b, d, g | ph, kh, th |
| Albanian | s, (k) | z, (g) | z, (d) | k, s | g, z | g, z |
| Illyrian | s | z | z | ? | ? | ? |
| Thracian | s | z | z | k, kh | g, k | g |
| Armenian | s | c | dz | kh | k | g |
| Phrygian | k | g | g, k | k | b | g |
| Germanic | h | k | g ~ ɣ | hw | kw | gw ~ w |
| Slavic | s | z | z | k | g | g |
| Baltic | š | ž | ž | k | g | g |
| Indic | ç | dž | h | k, č | g | gh |
| Iranian | s | z | z | k, č | g | g |
| Anatolian | k | g | g | kw | gw | gw |
| Tocharian | k | k | k | k, kw | k, kw | k, kw |
Read more about this topic: Proto-Indo-European Phonology
Famous quotes containing the words phonetic, daughter and/or languages:
“The syntactic component of a grammar must specify, for each sentence, a deep structure that determines its semantic interpretation and a surface structure that determines its phonetic interpretation.”
—Noam Chomsky (b. 1928)
“To a maiden true he’ll give his hand,
Hey lillie, ho lillie lallie,
To the king’s daughter o’ fair England,
To a prize that was won by a slain brother’s brand,
I’ the brave nights so early.”
—Unknown. Earl Brand (l. 67–71)
“People in places many of us never heard of, whose names we can’t pronounce or even spell, are speaking up for themselves. They speak in languages we once classified as “exotic” but whose mastery is now essential for our diplomats and businessmen. But what they say is very much the same the world over. They want a decent standard of living. They want human dignity and a voice in their own futures. They want their children to grow up strong and healthy and free.”
—Hubert H. Humphrey (1911–1978)