Properties of Common Solvents
The solvents are grouped into non-polar, polar aprotic, and polar protic solvents and ordered by increasing polarity. The polarity is given as the dielectric constant. The properties of solvents that exceed those of water are bolded.
Solvent | Chemical Formula | Boiling point | Dielectric constant | Density | Dipole moment (D) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Polar Solvents | |||||
Hexane | CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 | 69 °C | 2.0 | 0.655 g/ml | 0.00 D |
Benzene | C6H6 | 80 °C | 2.3 | 0.879 g/ml | 0.00 D |
Toluene | C6H5-CH3 | 111 °C | 2.4 | 0.867 g/ml | 0.36 D |
1,4-Dioxane | /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-\ | 101 °C | 2.3 | 1.033 g/ml | 0.45 D |
Chloroform | CHCl3 | 61 °C | 4.8 | 1.498 g/ml | 1.04 D |
Diethyl ether | CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 | 35 °C | 4.3 | 0.713 g/ml | 1.15 D |
Dichloromethane (DCM) | CH2Cl2 | 40 °C | 9.1 | 1.3266 g/ml | 1.60 D |
Polar Aprotic Solvents | |||||
tetrahydrofuran (THF) | /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-\ | 66 °C | 7.5 | 0.886 g/ml | 1.75 D |
ethyl acetate (EtOAc) | CH3-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH3 | 77 °C | 6.0 | 0.894 g/ml | 1.78 D |
acetone | CH3-C(=O)-CH3 | 56 °C | 21 | 0.786 g/ml | 2.88 D |
dimethylformamide (DMF) | H-C(=O)N(CH3)2 | 153 °C | 38 | 0.944 g/ml | 3.82 D |
acetonitrile (MeCN) | CH3-C≡N | 82 °C | 37 | 0.786 g/ml | 3.92 D |
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | CH3-S(=O)-CH3 | 189 °C | 47 | 1.092 g/ml | 3.96 D |
Polar Protic Solvents | |||||
formic acid | H-C(=O)OH | 101 °C | 58 | 1.21 g/ml | 1.41 D |
n-butanol | CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH | 118 °C | 18 | 0.810 g/ml | 1.63 D |
isopropanol (IPA) | CH3-CH(-OH)-CH3 | 82 °C | 18 | 0.785 g/ml | 1.66 D |
nitromethane | CH3-NO2 | 100–103 °C | 35.87 | 1.1371 g/ml | 3.56 D |
ethanol (EtOH) | CH3-CH2-OH | 79 °C | 30 | 0.789 g/ml | 1.69 D |
methanol (MeOH) | CH3-OH | 65 °C | 33 | 0.791 g/ml | 1.70 D |
Acetic acid (AcOH) | CH3-C(=O)OH | 118 °C | 6.2 | 1.049 g/ml | 1.74 D |
Water | H-O-H | 100 °C | 80 | 1.000 g/ml | 1.85 D |
Read more about this topic: Protic
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