Traditional Respelling Systems
The following chart matches the IPA symbols used to represent the sounds of the English language with the phonetic symbols used in several dictionaries, a majority of which transcribe American English.
These works adhere (for the most part) to the one-symbol-per-sound principle. Other works not included here, such as Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language (unabridged, 2nd ed.), do not, and thus have several different symbols for the same sound (partly to allow for different phonemic mergers and splits).
The full titles of abbreviated column headings in the following table are viewable in interactive media (as opposed to hard copy), using the pointer. To see the full titles, hover over the abbreviations. On touch screens, a long press and cancel may show them.
Consonants | |||||||||||||||||||||
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IPA1 | IPA2 | APA | WPRK | NOAD | AHD | RHD | WBO | MECD | DPL | DPN | NBC | MWCD | COD4 | POD | Cham | AB | Dictcom | BBC | Wikipedia¹ | Wikipedia² | Examples |
tʃ | tʃ | č | ch | ᴄʜ | ch | c͡h | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch | ch, tch | ch | ch | church |
h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | hh | h | h | h | h | hat |
hw | hw | hw | wh | (h)w | hw | hw | hw | hw | hw | hw | (h)w | hw | hw | wh | which | ||||||
dʒ | dʒ | ǯ | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | j | jh | j | j | j | j | judge |
x | x | x | kh | ᴋʜ | ᴋ͡ʜ | kh | k | (χ) | kh | hh | ᴋʜ | kh | kh | kh | loch, Buch | ||||||
ɬ | ɬ | ł | hl | hl | llan | ||||||||||||||||
ɡ9 | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g | g, gh | game, tag, regal |
ŋ | ŋ | ŋ | ng | ɴɢ | ng | n͡g | ng | ng | ŋ | ng | ng | ŋ | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng (ng-g, nk) |
ng | ng | thing |
ʃ | ʃ | š | sh | ꜱʜ | sh | s͡h | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | sh | ship, dish, ration |
θ | θ | θ | th | ᴛʜ | th | t͡h | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | th | thin, thigh, beneath |
ð | ð | ð | dh | ᴛʜ | th | th̸ | th | th | th | t̷h | th: | th | dh | th | dh | dh | th | dh | dh | dh | this, thy |
j | j | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | yes |
ʒ | ʒ | ž | zh | ᴢʜ | zh | z͡h | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | zh | vision, pleasure |
The following letters have the same values in all systems listed: b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r1, s, t, v, w, z. | |||||||||||||||||||||
Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||
IPA1 | IPA2 | APA | WPRK | NOAD | AHD | RHD | WBO | MECD | DPL | DPN | NBC | MWCD | COD4 | POD | Cham | AB | Dictcom | BBC | Wikipedia¹ | Wikipedia² | Examples |
æ | æ | æ | a | a | ă | a | a | a | a | a | a | a | ă | a | a | ae | a | a (arr) | ă | a (arr) | pat, lad, cat, ran |
eɪ | e | e(y) | ay | ā | ā | ā | ay | ay | ā | ay | ay | ā | ā | ay | ā | ey | ey | ay | ā | ay | pay, day |
ɛər | ɛr | εr | air | e(ə)r | âr | âr | air | air | - | - | air | ar | ār | air | ār | eh r | air | air | ār | air | care, hair, there |
ɑː | ɑ | a | ah | ä | ä | ä | ah | aa | ä | aw, o | ah | ä, ȧ | ah | aa | ä | aa | ah | aa | â | ah | father, palm |
ɑr | ɑr | ar | ar | är | är | är | ahr | aar | är | - | ahr | är | a͡r | aar | är | aa r | ahr | ar | âr | ar | arm |
ɛ | ɛ | ε | e | e | ĕ | e | eh | e | e | ɛ | e | e | ě | e | e | eh | e | e (err) | ĕ | e (err) | let, head |
iː | i | i(y) | ee | ē | ē | ē | ee | ee | ē | ē | ee | ē | ē | ee | ē | iy | ee | ee | ē | ee | bee, see |
ɪər | ɪr | ιr | eer | i(ə)r | îr | ēr | ihr | eer | ir | ēr | eer | īr | ih r | eer | eer | ēr | eer | pier, near, here | |||
ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | i | i | ĭ | i | ih | i | i | i | i | i | ǐ | i | i | ih | i | i (irr) | ĭ | i (irr) | pit, city |
aɪ | aɪ | ay | eye, -y6 | ī | ī | ī | y | ī | ī | y | igh | ī | ī | ī | ī | ay | ahy | y | ī | y, eye | item, pie, by, my |
ɒ | ɑ | a | o | ä | ŏ | o | o | o | ä | o | ah | ä | ǒ | o | o | aa | o | o (orr) | ŏ | o (orr) | pot, not, wasp |
oʊ | o | o(w) | oh | ō | ō | ō | oh | ō | ō | ō | oh | ō | ō | ō | ō | ow | oh | oh | ō | oh | toe, no |
ɔː | ɔ | ɔ | aw | ô | ô | ô | aw | aw | ô | aw, o | aw | ȯ | aw | aw | ö | ao | aw | aw | ô | aw | caught, paw |
ɔr | ɔr | ɔr | or, awr | ôr | ôr | ȯr | awr | or | ôr | awr, or | north, war | ||||||||||
ɔər | or | o(w)r | or, ohr | awr, ohr | ōr | ohr, or | force, wore | ||||||||||||||
ɔɪ | ɔɪ | ɔy | oy | oi | oi | oi | oy | oy | oi | oy | oi | ȯi | oi | oy | oi | oy | oi | oy | oy | oy | noise, boy |
ʊ | ᴜ | ᴜ | uu | o͝o | o͝o | o͝o | u | o͝o | oo | u | oo | u̇ | o͝o | o͝o | ŭ2 | uh | oo | uu | ŏŏ | uu | took, put |
ʊər | ᴜr | ᴜr | oor | o͝or | o͝or | o͝or | ur | oor | u̇r | oor | oor | uh r | oor | oor | oor | oor | tour | ||||
uː | u | u(w) | oo | o͞o | o͞o | o͞o | oo | oo | o͞o | ū | oo: | ü | o͞o | o͞o | oo2 | uw | oo | oo | ōō | oo | boot, soon, through |
aʊ | aᴜ | aw | ow | ou | ou | ou | ow | ow | ou | ow | ow | au̇ | ow | ow | ow | aw | ou | ow | ow | ow | out, now |
ʌ | ʌ | ʌ | u | ə | ŭ | u | uh | u | u | ʋ | UH | ə | ǔ | u | u | ah | uh | u (urr) | ŭ | u (urr) | cut, run, enough |
ɜr, ɝː | ɜr | ur | ər | ər | ûr | ûr | ur | ur | ʉr | er | ER | ər | e͡r | ər | ûr | er | ur | ur | ûr | ur | urge, term, firm, word, heard, bird |
ə | ə | ə | ə | ə | ə | ə | uh | ə | ə | e | uh | ə | a, e, i, o, u | ə | ə | ah | uh | uh | ə | ə | about, item, gallop, circus |
ɨ | ɪ, ə | ə | ə, i 7 | ə, i | ə | ə | uh | ə | ə | e | uh | ə | a, e, i, o, u | ə | ə | ah | uh | i | i, ə | rabbit, edible, garbage | |
ər | ɚ | ər | ər | ər | ər | ər | uhr | ər | ər | er | er | ər | er | ər | ər | er | er | uhr | ər | ər | butter, winner |
juː | ju | yu | ew | yo͞o | yo͞o | yo͞o | yoo | yoo | yo͞o | yū | yoo: | yü | ū | yo͞o | ū | y uw | yoo | yoo | ū | ew | pupil |
a | ȧ | ᴀ | ȧ | ami | |||||||||||||||||
øː, œ | œ | ɔ̈ | œ | œ | ɶ | œ̄, œ | ɶ | oe | ö | feu, schön, zwölf | |||||||||||
yː, ʏ | y | ü | ʏ | ü | ʏ | u͞e, ue | ʏ | ue | ü | tu, über | |||||||||||
ɔ̃ | õ | ɔ̨ | ôɴ | ôɴ | ôɴ | ōⁿ | oɴ | awɴ | o(ng) | ôⁿ | bon 3 | ||||||||||
Stress | |||||||||||||||||||||
IPA1 | IPA2 | APA | WPRK | NOAD | AHD | RHD | WBO | MECD | DPL | DPN | NBC | MWCD | COD4 | POD | Cham | AB | Dictcom | BBC | Wikipedia¹ | Wikipedia² | Examples |
ˈa | ˋa | á | ᴀ | ˈa | aʹ | ˈa | a. | á | a' | 1 | a | A | a′ | A | primary (tonic) stress | ||||||
ˌa | ˊa | à | ˌa | aʹ 5 |
ˌa | (a.) | 2 | a | a | secondary stress | |||||||||||
a | a | a | a | 0 | a8 | a | a | tertiary stress |
Read more about this topic: Pronunciation Respelling For English
Famous quotes containing the words traditional and/or systems:
“The developments in the North were those loosely embraced in the term modernization and included urbanization, industrialization, and mechanization. While those changes went forward apace, the antebellum South changed comparatively little, clinging to its rural, agricultural, labor-intensive economy and its traditional folk culture.”
—C. Vann Woodward (b. 1908)
“We have done scant justice to the reasonableness of cannibalism. There are in fact so many and such excellent motives possible to it that mankind has never been able to fit all of them into one universal scheme, and has accordingly contrived various diverse and contradictory systems the better to display its virtues.”
—Ruth Benedict (18871948)