Chemical Processes
Calcium carbonate formations are associated with regions where meteoric waters become enriched with calcium carbonate by direct dissolution of CaCO3-rich rocks underground only to resurface and re-precipitate calcite. It is well known that the geology of the Portneuf watershed contains numerous large limestone and dolomite rock sequences that are mostly Paleozoic. Enrichment of CaCO3 in the meteoric waters is due to the addition of CO2 either through interaction with the atmosphere, or infiltrating through organic compound containing soil layers. This saturation of CO2 in the groundwater allows for the dissolution of carbonate rocks as it drives pH down. As the water reemerges it is exposed to the atmosphere and the concentration gradient of CO2 associated with it. As the enriched waters attempt to achieve equilibrium they precipitate calcite, through the reaction of Ca+2 + 2HCO− ⇔ CO2↑ + H2O+ CaCO3↓.The mountains surrounding the Portneuf are characterized by thick Paleozoic limestone deposits rich in carbonates, and many springs do emerge along the reach associated with Lava Hot Springs.
Read more about this topic: Portneuf River (Idaho), Biogeochemistry of The Portneuf River Watershed, Carbon Exchange
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