Synthesis
Phthalocyanine forms upon heating phthalic acid derivatives that contain nitrogen functional groups. Classical precursors are phthalonitrile and diiminoisoindole. In the presence of urea, the heating of phthalanhydride is a useful route to H2Pc. These reactions are more efficient in the presence of metal salts. Other precursors include o-cyanobenzamide and phthalimide. Several of these starting materials are shown in the figure below (right side). Using such methods, approximately 57000 tons of various phthalocyanines were produced in 1985.
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Halogenated and sulfonated derivatives of copper phthalocyanines are commercially important. Such compounds are prepared by treating CuPc with chlorine, bromine or oleum.
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