The photorefractive effect is a nonlinear optical effect seen in certain crystals and other materials that respond to light by altering their refractive index . The effect can be used to store temporary, erasable holograms and is useful for holographic data storage . It can also be used to create a phase-conjugate mirror or an optical spatial soliton.
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“As for charity, it is a matter in which the immediate effect on the persons directly concerned, and the ultimate consequence to the general good, are apt to be at complete war with one another.”
—John Stuart Mill (1806–1873)