Pharyngealization - IPA Symbols

IPA Symbols

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can be indicated by one of two methods:

  1. A tilde or swung dash through the letter indicates either velarization or pharyngealization, as in ("dark l", the pharyngealized equivalent of ), or
  2. The symbol ⟨ˤ⟩ (a superscript voiced pharyngeal fricative or reversed glottal stop) after the letter standing for the pharyngealized consonant, as in (the pharyngealized equivalent of ).

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