IPA Symbols
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can be indicated by one of two methods:
- A tilde or swung dash through the letter indicates either velarization or pharyngealization, as in ("dark l", the pharyngealized equivalent of ), or
- The symbol ⟨ˤ⟩ (a superscript voiced pharyngeal fricative or reversed glottal stop) after the letter standing for the pharyngealized consonant, as in (the pharyngealized equivalent of ).
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