Patnaik is an Indian surname and may refer to:
- Ananga Kumar Patnaik (born 1949), Indian jurist, currently serving on the Supreme Court of India
- Biju Patnaik (1916–1997), Indian politician
- D. B. M. Patnaik (1925–2009), Indian lawyer, politician and communist leader
- Devraj Patnaik (born 1975), Canadian-born composer, musician and choreographer
- Donkada Patnaik (1925–2009), Indian solicitor and politician
- Ellora Patnaik (born 1968), Canadian-born actress and Odissi dancer
- Hara Patnaik (born 1958), Oriya Movie star
- Ila Patnaik, Indian economist and a financial journalist
- Jagabandhu Patnaik, dewan of Raja Arjun Singh of Porahat
- Janaki Ballabh Patnaik (born 1927), leader of the Indian National Congress, former chief minister of Orissa
- Naveen Patnaik (born 1946), the Chief Minister of Orissa, India
- Prabhat Patnaik (born 1945), Indian economist and political commentator
- R. P. Patnaik, Indian film music director
- Raghunath Patnaik, veteran leader of the Indian National Congress
- Sudarshan Patnaik (born 1977), inventor of sand art in India