Related Disorders
PED differs from two closely related disorders, for example paroxysmal kinesogenic dyskinesia (PKD) and paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD), based on what brings on the symptoms, namely prolonged exercise, such as brisk walking or running for at least 10 minutes. This is in contrast to PKD where the symptoms are brought about by sudden movements, and PNKD where the symptoms are spontaneous in nature and prolonged. PED is usually affects muscles on both sides of the body (bilateral), it has also been observed to have unilateral effects.
PED has also been shown to be a precursor to Parkinson's Disease. In two observed cases, PED preceded any symptoms of Parkinson's Disease by 1.5 and 5 years. Although a rare indicator, PED can be an early sign of the disorder, suggesting they are related. In one case a patient with PED showed evidence of dopamine depletion revealed by a dopamine transporter SPECT scan. This is typical of Parkinson's Disease, further showing the linkage between the diseases.
A correlation between Epilepsy and PED has been observed in several families across multiple generations, demonstrating an autosomal dominant inheritability of symptoms. The occurrence of coexistent seizures and PED symptoms are observed mainly during infancy and childhood, with symptoms of PED continuing throughout a lifetime. Epileptic seizures vary in type and have been observed as absence and generalized seizures. Simultaneous seizure and PED attacks are often premeditated by bouts of dizziness. Attacks have been shown to be reduced or prevented with food ingestion, although the reasons for this are unclear. Various evidence shows that the disorders are likely caused by dysfunction in voltage-gated ion channels, which may lead to abnormal excitability in different brain regions, specifically the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia.
Read more about this topic: Paroxysmal Exercise-induced Dystonia
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